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8 Child Sexual Exploitation | Haringey Foster Carer Handbook
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47 <div id="content_frame_overflow">
48 <div class="content_text">
49 <h1>
49 Child Sexual Exploitation
49 </h1>
50 <div class="scope_box_blue">
51 <p style="font-weight:500; font-size: 140%;">
51 Standards & Regulations
51 </p>
52 <p>
52 Fostering Services National Minimum Standards (England) 2011:
52 </p>
53 <ul>
54 <li>
55 <p>
55 <a href="http://www.minimumstandards.org/fost_six.html" target="_blank">
55 Standard 6 - Promoting Health and Wellbeing
55 </a>
55 .
55 </p>
56 </li>
57 <li>
58 <p>
58 <a href="http://www.minimumstandards.org/fost_twentyone.html" target="_blank">
58 Standard 21 - Supervision and Support of Foster Carers
58 </a>
58 .
58 </p>
59 </li>
60 </ul>
61 Training, Support and Development Standards for Foster Care:
62 <ul>
63 <li>
63 <a href="files/foster_care_tsd_standards_guidance.pdf" target="_blank">
63 Standard 2 - Understand your role as a foster carer
63 </a>
63 .
63 </li>
64 </ul>
65 <p>
65 <span style="font-weight:500; font-size: 140%;">
65 Relevant Information and Guidance
65 </span>
65 </p>
66 <ul>
67 <li>
67 <a
href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/what-to-do-if-youre-worried-a-child-is-being-
abused--2" target="_blank">
67 What to do if you're worried a child is being abused
67 </a>
67 </li>
68 <li>
68 <a href="http://ceop.police.uk/" target="_blank">
68 Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre (CEOP)
68 </a>
68 </li>
69 <li>
69 <a href="http://www.londoncp.co.uk/chapters/B_contents.html" target="_blank">
69 London Child Protection Procedures, Part B: Practice Guidance
69 </a>
69 </li>
70 <li>
70 <a href="files/cse_operating_pr.pdf" target="_blank">
70 London Child Sexual Exploitation Operating Protocol
70 </a>
70 ;
70 </li>
71 <li>
71 <a
href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/child-sexual-exploitation-definition-and-guid
e-for-practitioners" target="_blank">
71 Child Sexual Exploitation: Definition and Guide for Practitioners (DfE February 2017)
71 </a>
71 .
71 </li>
72 </ul>
73 </div>
74 <p>
74 <br />
75 </p>
76 <h2 class="h2_underlined">
76 Contents
76 </h2>
77 <ol start="1" type="1">
78 <li>
78 <a href="#introduction">
78 Introduction
78 </a>
78 </li>
79 <li>
79 <a href="#monthly">
79 Indicators of Possible Sexual Exploitation
79 </a>
79 </li>
80 <li>
80 <a href="#superv_social">
80 Children and Young People Who Go Missing
80 </a>
80 </li>
81 </ol>
82 <h2 class="h2_underlined">
82 <br />
83 1.
83 <a name="introduction" id="introduction">
83 </a>
83 Introduction
83 </h2>
84 <p>
84 Child sexual exploitation is a form of child sexual abuse. It occurs where an individual or group
takes advantage of an imbalance of power to coerce, manipulate or deceive a child or young person
under the age of 18 into sexual activity (a) in exchange for something the victim needs or wants,
and/or (b) for the financial advantage or increased status of the perpetrator or facilitator. The
victim may have been sexually exploited even if the sexual activity appears consensual. Child
sexual exploitation does not always involve physical contact; it can also occur through the use of
technology.
84 <br />
85 <a href="http://www.workingtogetheronline.co.uk/glossary/cse.html" target="_blank">
85 Working Together to Safeguard Children
85 </a>
85 .
85 </p>
86 <p>
86 See also
86 <a
href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/child-sexual-exploitation-definition-and-guide-fo
r-practitioners" target="_blank">
86 Child Sexual Exploitation: Definition and Guide for Practitioners (DfE 2017)
86 </a>
86 . This advice is non-statutory, and has been produced to help practitioners to identify child
sexual exploitation and take appropriate action in response. This advice includes the management,
disruption and prosecution of perpetrators.
86 </p>
87 <p>
87 Child sexual exploitation takes different forms - from a seemingly ‘consensual’
relationship where sex is exchanged for attention, affection, accommodation or gifts, to serious
organised crime and child trafficking. Child sexual exploitation involves differing degrees of
abusive activities, including coercion, intimidation or enticement, unwanted pressure from peers
to have sex, sexual bullying (including cyber bullying), and grooming for sexual activity. There
is increasing concern about the role of technology in sexual abuse, including via social
networking and other internet sites and mobile phones. The key issue in relation to child sexual
exploitation is the imbalance of power within the ‘relationship’. The perpetrator
always has power over the victim, increasing the dependence of the victim as the exploitative
relationship develops.
87 </p>
88 <p>
88 Many children and young people are groomed into sexually exploitative relationships but other
forms of entry exist. Some young people are engaged in informal economies that incorporate the
exchange of sex for rewards such as drugs, alcohol, money or gifts. Others exchange sex for
accommodation or money as a result of homelessness and experiences of poverty. Some young people
have been bullied and threatened into sexual activities by peers or gangs which is then used
against them as a form of extortion and to keep them compliant.
88 </p>
89 <p>
89 Children and young people may have already been sexually exploited before they became looked
after; others may become targets of perpetrators during their placement. They are often the focus
of perpetrators of sexual abuse due to their vulnerability. You should therefore create an
environment which educates children and young people about child sexual exploitation and where
possible encourage them to discuss any concerns they might have.
89 </p>
90 <h2 class="h2_underlined">
90 <br />
91 2.
91 <a name="monthly" id="monthly">
91 </a>
91 Indicators of Possible Sexual Exploitation
91 </h2>
92 <p>
92 You should be aware of the key indicators of child sexual exploitation.
92 </p>
93 <p>
93 They include:
93 </p>
94 <h3 class="h3">
94 Health
94 </h3>
95 <ul>
96 <li>
96 Physical symptoms (bruising suggestive of either physical or sexual assault);
96 </li>
97 <li>
97 Chronic fatigue;
97 </li>
98 <li>
98 Recurring or multiple sexually transmitted infections;
98 </li>
99 <li>
99 Pregnancy and/or seeking an abortion;
99 </li>
100 <li>
100 Evidence of drug, alcohol or other substance misuse;
100 </li>
101 <li>
101 Sexually risky behaviour.
101 </li>
102 </ul>
103 <h3 class="h3">
103 Education
103 </h3>
104 <ul>
105 <li>
105 Truancy/disengagement with education or considerable change in performance at school.
105 </li>
106 </ul>
107 <h3 class="h3">
107 Emotional and Behavioural Issues
107 </h3>
108 <ul>
109 <li>
109 Volatile behaviour exhibiting extreme array of mood swings or use of abusive language;
109 </li>
110 <li>
110 Involvement in petty crime such as shoplifting, stealing;
110 </li>
111 <li>
111 Secretive behaviour;
111 </li>
112 <li>
112 Entering or leaving vehicles driven by unknown adults;
112 </li>
113 <li>
113 Reports of being seen in places known to be used for sexual exploitation, including public
toilets known for cottaging or adult venues (pubs and clubs).
113 </li>
114 </ul>
115 <h3 class="h3">
115 Identity
115 </h3>
116 <ul type="disc">
117 <li>
117 Low self-image, low self-esteem, self-harming behaviour, e.g. cutting, overdosing, eating
disorder, promiscuity.
117 </li>
118 </ul>
119 <h3 class="h3">
119 Relationships
119 </h3>
120 <ul>
121 <li>
121 Hostility in relationships with staff, family members as appropriate and significant others;
121 </li>
122 <li>
122 Physical aggression;
122 </li>
123 <li>
123 Placement breakdown;
123 </li>
124 <li>
124 Reports from reliable sources (e.g. family, friends or other professionals) suggesting the
likelihood of involvement in sexual exploitation;
124 </li>
125 <li>
125 Detachment from age-appropriate activities;
125 </li>
126 <li>
126 Associating with other young people who are known to be sexually exploited;
126 </li>
127 <li>
127 Known to be sexually active;
127 </li>
128 <li>
128 Sexual relationship with a significantly older person, or younger person who is suspected of
being abusive;
128 </li>
129 <li>
129 Unexplained relationships with older adults;
129 </li>
130 <li>
130 Possible inappropriate use of the Internet and forming relationships, particularly with adults,
via the Internet;
130 </li>
131 <li>
131 Phone calls, text messages or letters from unknown adults;
131 </li>
132 <li>
132 Adults or older youths loitering outside the home;
132 </li>
133 <li>
133 Persistently missing, staying out overnight or returning late with no plausible explanation;
133 </li>
134 <li>
134 Returning after having been missing, looking well cared for in spite of having no known home
base;
134 </li>
135 <li>
135 Missing for long periods, with no known home base;
135 </li>
136 <li>
136 Going missing and being found in areas where they have no known links.
136 </li>
137 </ul>
138 <p>
138 Please note: Whilst the focus is often on older men as perpetrators, younger men and women may
also be involved and staff should be aware of this possibility.
138 </p>
139 <h3 class="h3">
139 Social Presentation
139 </h3>
140 <ul type="disc">
141 <li>
141 Change in appearance;
141 </li>
142 <li>
142 Leaving the foster home in clothing unusual for them (inappropriate for age, borrowing clothing
from older young people).
142 </li>
143 </ul>
144 <h3 class="h3">
144 Family and Environmental Factors
144 </h3>
145 <ul type="disc">
146 <li>
146 History of physical, sexual, and/or emotional abuse; neglect; domestic violence; parental
difficulties.
146 </li>
147 </ul>
148 <h3 class="h3">
148 Housing
148 </h3>
149 <ul type="disc">
150 <li>
150 Pattern of previous street homelessness;
150 </li>
151 <li>
151 Having keys to premises other than those known about.
151 </li>
152 </ul>
153 <h3 class="h3">
153 Income
153 </h3>
154 <ul>
155 <li>
155 Possession of large amounts of money with no plausible explanation;
155 </li>
156 <li>
156 Acquisition of expensive clothes, mobile phones or other possessions without plausible
explanation;
156 </li>
157 <li>
157 Accounts of social activities with no plausible explanation of the source of necessary funding.
157 </li>
158 </ul>
159 <p>
159 This list is not exhaustive.
159 </p>
160 <p>
160 You should be aware that many children and young people who are sexually exploited do not see
themselves as victims. In such situations, discussions with them about your concerns should be
handled with great sensitivity. You should contact the child’s social worker and talk
to your Supervising Social Worker if you have any concerns, prior to talking to the child/young
person.
160 </p>
161 <p>
161 In assessing whether a child or young person is a victim of sexual exploitation, or at risk,
careful consideration should be given to the issue of consent. It is important to bear in mind
that:
161 </p>
162 <ul>
163 <li>
163 A child under the age of 13 is not legally capable of consenting to sex (it is statutory rape)
or any other type of sexual touching;
163 </li>
164 <li>
164 Sexual activity with a child under 16 is also an offence;
164 </li>
165 <li>
165 It is an offence for a person to have a sexual relationship with a 16 or 17 year old if they
hold a position of trust or authority in relation to them;
165 </li>
166 <li>
166 Where sexual activity with a 16 or 17 year old does not result in an offence being committed, it
may still result in harm, or the likelihood of harm being suffered;
166 </li>
167 <li>
167 Non-consensual sex is rape whatever the age of the victim; and
167 </li>
168 <li>
168 If the victim is incapacitated through drink or drugs, or the victim or his or her family has
been subject to violence or the threat of it, they cannot be considered to have given true
consent; therefore offences may have been committed;
168 </li>
169 <li>
169 Child sexual exploitation is therefore potentially a child protection issue for all children
under the age of 18 years and not just those in a specific age group.
169 </li>
170 </ul>
171 <p>
171 You should record any concerns you have and seek advice as soon as possible from your Supervising
Social Worker.
171 </p>
172 <h2 class="h2_underlined">
172 <br />
173 3.
173 <a name="superv_social" id="superv_social">
173 </a>
173 Children and Young People Who go Missing
173 </h2>
174 <p>
174 A significant number of children and young people who are being sexually exploited may go missing
from care and education, some frequently. If a child goes missing, refer to My Foster Child is
Missing.
174 </p>
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185 <div class="subsections_frame">
185 <div class="subsections">
186 <h2 class="h3_boxed">
186 Subsections
186 </h2>
187 <ul>
188 <li>
188 <a href="index.html">
188 Home
188 </a>
188 </li>
189 <li>
189 <a href="about_us.html">
189 About Us
189 </a>
189 </li>
190 <li>
190 <a href="being_foster.html">
190 Being a Foster Carer
190 </a>
190 </li>
191 <li>
191 <a href="safeguarding.html">
191 Safeguarding Everyone in our Household
191 </a>
191 </li>
192 <li>
192 <a href="placement.html">
192 The Placement
192 </a>
192 </li>
193 <li>
193 <a href="caring_children.html">
193 Caring for Children
193 </a>
193 </li>
194 <li>
194 <a href="http://www.haringey.gov.uk/fostering" target="_blank">
194 Want to become a Foster Carer
194 </a>
194 </li>
195 <li>
195 <a href="http://www.londoncp.co.uk/" target="_blank">
195 London Child Protection Procedures
195 </a>
195 </li>
196 <li>
196 <a href="http://haringeychildcare.proceduresonline.com/contents.html#fostering_adopt"
target="_blank">
196 Haringey Children's Services Fostering Procedures
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196 </li>
197 <li>
197 <a href="fam_friend_carer_pol.html">
197 Family and Friends Carers Policy
197 </a>
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198 <li>
198 <a href="guidance.html">
198 Useful Resources
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