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63 <h1 class="h1">
63 Surveillance and Monitoring
63 </h1>
64 <div class="scope_box" style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 15px;">
65 <h2 class="h3">
65 SCOPE OF THIS CHAPTER
65 </h2>
66 <p>
66 This chapter provides guidance on the use of surveillance and monitoring equipment in
Children's Homes. It is based on information published by Ofsted.
66 <span class="bold">
66 Please note
66 </span>
66 : The guidance for Secure Children's Homes, schools and family centres may be different.
66 </p>
67 <h3 class="h3">
67 RELEVANT GUIDANCE
67 </h3>
68 <p>
68 <a
href="https://www.gov.uk/guidance/surveillance-and-monitoring-in-residential-childcare-setting
s" target="_blank" rel="noopener">
68 Surveillance and monitoring in residential childcare settings (Ofsted, October 2019)
68 </a>
68 </p>
69 <p>
69 <a
href="https://www.gov.uk/childcare-parenting/inspection-of-childrens-social-care-providers
" target="_blank" rel="noopener">
69 Inspection of children's social care providers
69 </a>
69 </p>
70 <p>
70 This chapter was added to the manual in September 2020.
70 </p>
71 </div>
72 <h2 class="h2_underlined">
72 <br />
73 Contents
73 </h2>
74 <ol>
75 <li>
75 <a href="#Introduction">
75 Introduction
75 </a>
75 </li>
76 <li>
76 <a href="#Principles">
76 Principles
76 </a>
76 </li>
77 <li>
77 <a href="#Protection">
77 Protection of Freedoms
77 </a>
77 </li>
78 <li>
78 <a href="#Types">
78 Types of Surveillance
78 </a>
78 </li>
79 <li>
79 <a href="#Plan">
79 The Care Plan
79 </a>
79 </li>
80 <li>
80 <a href="#Role">
80 Role of Staff
80 </a>
80 </li>
81 <li>
81 <a href="#Storage">
81 Storage of Surveillance Information
81 </a>
81 </li>
82 <li>
82 <a href="#References">
82 Further References
82 </a>
82 </li>
83 </ol>
84 <h2 class="h2_underlined">
84 <br />
85 1.
85 <a id="Introduction">
85 </a>
85 Introduction
85 </h2>
86 <p>
86 Children's Homes should provide a positive home environment in which children can live and
learn. Relationship-based practice should be promoted.
86 </p>
87 <p>
87 All staff should:
87 </p>
88 <ul>
89 <li>
89 Strive to build relationships of trust and understanding with children;
89 </li>
90 <li>
90 Be able to identify triggers and find solutions; and
90 </li>
91 <li>
91 Where incidents occur, seek to defuse the situation as quickly as possible
91 </li>
92 </ul>
93 <p>
93 In particular, Ofsted guidance is clear that Children's Homes providers and managers should
ensure Homes provide positive environments where children can flourish, with staff who work
positively and confidently with children, and who find the least intrusive way to support and
empower children and keep them safe.
93 </p>
94 <p>
94 See:
94 <a
href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data
/file/693446/Environments_where_children_can_flourish.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">
94 A guide for inspectors about physical intervention and restrictions of liberty (Ofsted, March
2018)
94 </a>
94 .
94 </p>
95 <p>
95 It is important therefore that managers and providers carefully consider the specific purpose
and role of any surveillance and monitoring used in Children's Homes, including whether there
are other, less intrusive, ways and means to keep children safe.
95 </p>
96 <p>
96 Children and young people should be at the centre of practice within Homes, and they should be
informed (as early as possible after admission) about any monitoring and surveillance systems in
use and the reasons for having it in the home, as well as the safeguards in place regarding
confidentiality and the retention of images.
96 </p>
97 <p>
97 The Children's Homes (England) Regulations (2015) regulation 24 states:
97 </p>
98 <ul>
99 <li>
99 The registered person may only use devices for the monitoring or surveillance of children if:
100 <ul>
101 <li>
101 The monitoring and surveillance is for the purpose of safeguarding and promoting the
welfare of the child concerned, or other children;
101 </li>
102 <li>
102 The placing authority consents in writing to the monitoring or surveillance;
102 </li>
103 <li>
103 So far as is reasonably practicable, and in the light of the child's age and
understanding, the child is informed in advance of the intention to do the monitoring or
surveillance;
103 </li>
104 <li>
104 The monitoring or surveillance is no more intrusive than is necessary, having regard to
the child's need for privacy.
104 </li>
105 </ul>
106 </li>
107 <li>
107 This regulation is subject to any monitoring or surveillance requirements by a court.
107 </li>
108 </ul>
109 <h2 class="h2_underlined">
109 <br />
110 2.
110 <a id="Principles">
110 </a>
110 Principles
110 </h2>
111 <ul>
112 <li>
112 The use of monitoring and surveillance in children's homes is only permissible when necessary
to safeguard and promote the welfare of a child or other children or at the direction of a
court;
112 </li>
113 <li>
113 Details of any monitoring and surveillance systems should be outlined in the Home's Statement
of Purpose and Children's Guide;
113 </li>
114 <li>
114 Parents, children (if possible) and social workers should give consent to the use of
surveillance and be informed how to make a complaint about its use;
114 </li>
115 <li>
115 Monitoring and surveillance must be justified at the time of its use and be assessed as a fair
and proportionate measure;
115 </li>
116 <li>
116 Any kind of surveillance and monitoring must meet the needs of the individual child;
116 </li>
117 <li>
117 The use of surveillance and monitoring devices should be for the protection and safety of
children only and not staff (although this will be different for Secure Children's Homes);
117 </li>
118 <li>
118 The use of surveillance as a 'default approach' to monitoring children's behaviour is not
acceptable, nor is it acceptable as a solution to staffing issues;
118 </li>
119 <li>
119 Groups of children should not be subject to 'indiscriminate monitoring';
119 </li>
120 <li>
120 CCTV monitoring screens should only be accessible to those staff who need to see the images at
the time, for example, in a staff office where there is appropriate privacy;
120 </li>
121 <li>
121 The impact of the surveillance or monitoring devices on individuals and their privacy should
be considered. Regular reviews should take place to ensure that its use remains justified;
121 </li>
122 <li>
122 Security arrangements for sharing footage, for example, when used as evidence in court
hearings, should be included in the setting's written policy.
122 </li>
123 </ul>
124 <p>
124 See also:
124 <a
href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data
/file/368115/Leaflet_v6_WEB.pdf" target="_blank">
124 Code of practice - A guide to the 12 principles, Surveillance Camera Commissioner
124 </a>
124 .
124 </p>
125 <h2 class="h2_underlined">
125 <br />
126 3.
126 <a id="Protection">
126 </a>
126 Protection of Freedoms
126 </h2>
127 <p>
127 When considering any use of surveillance and monitoring in Children's Homes, it is important to
balance the rights and freedoms of children, visitors and staff with the need for and purpose of
the surveillance.
127 </p>
128 <p>
128 The Human Rights Act 1998; Data Protection Act 2018; Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 (POFA)
(which regulates surveillance systems) and the Freedom of Information Act 2000 (FOIA) provide a
framework to enable this balance to be achieved, and it is important that all guidance and
regulations are adhered to.
128 </p>
129 <p class="italic">
129 'Using surveillance systems can be privacy intrusive. You should therefore carefully consider
whether or not to use a surveillance system. The fact that it is possible, affordable...should
not be the justification for processing personal data. You should also take into account the
nature of the problem you are seeking to address; whether a surveillance system would be a
justified and an effective solution, whether better solutions exist, what effect its use may
have on individuals, and whether in the light of this, its use is a proportionate response to
the problem. If you are already using a surveillance system, you should regularly evaluate
whether it is necessary and proportionate to continue using it.
129 </p>
130 <p>
130 (In the picture:
130 <a href="https://ico.org.uk/media/1542/cctv-code-of-practice.pdf" target="_blank">
130 A data protection code of practice for surveillance cameras and personal information, ICO
(2017)
130 </a>
130 )
130 </p>
131 <p>
131 <span class="bold">
131 A Data Protection Impact Assessment
131 </span>
131 is a way of identifying the data protection risks inherent in the use of any monitoring or
surveillance systems, it must consider whether there is a less intrusive way of achieving the
purpose of the monitoring or surveillance.
131 </p>
132 <p>
132 The details of Data Protection Impact Assessment must be recorded, and outline the purpose(s) of
the monitoring and surveillance, the outcome of the initial assessment and what alternatives
have been considered (identifying the reasons they are not appropriate).
132 </p>
133 <p>
133 See also:
133 <a
href="https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/guide-to-data-protection/guide-to-the-general-data-pr
otection-regulation-gdpr/accountability-and-governance/data-protection-impact-assessments/"
target="_blank">
133 Data protection impact assessments
133 </a>
133 (which includes Data Protection Act Principles and Consulting the Information Commissioner's
Office (ICO).
133 </p>
134 <h2 class="h2_underlined">
134 <br />
135 4.
135 <a id="Types">
135 </a>
135 Types of Surveillance
135 </h2>
136 <p>
136 Surveillance and monitoring devices include CCTV (both with and without voice-recording);
listening devices; location trackers on personal electronic equipment; door sensors; noise
sensors and movement alarms.
136 </p>
137 <p>
137 Some equipment, such as listening devices, can be used to monitor individuals, (for example
where there are health or emotional well-being concerns). Note that audio-recording is
considered as being particularly intrusive and so should be avoided unless there is a clear
reason for it.
137 <span class="tiny_text">
137 [1]
137 </span>
137 </p>
138 <p>
138 Other equipment may capture activity in the environment, for example body-worn cameras, exit
alarms, noise sensors and movement-activated mats.
138 </p>
139 <p>
139 <span class="bold">
139 Note
139 </span>
139 : baby monitors are included within the Ofsted guidance as a listening device unless they are
being used to monitor the welfare of a baby when adults are not present, e.g. when a baby is
sleeping during the day. A parent may choose to use their personal mobile phone as a baby
monitor when the baby is sleeping, and this is acceptable. Nevertheless, it should not be used
to monitor another person's activity.
139 </p>
140 <p>
140 <span class="bold">
140 CCTV
140 </span>
140 : is closed-circuit television system on a private network. Footage is monitored mainly for
surveillance and security purposes. Systems use cameras that send the images to monitors placed
elsewhere.
140 </p>
141 <p>
141 If a setting uses CCTV to monitor places of public access, such as the exterior of a building,
or public space (such as the hallway, dining or living room), the Data Protection Act 2018 may
apply (which upholds the rights of people whose images are captured). There should be clear
notices alerting the public to its presence and the reason for its use. The notice should
include contact details in order to enable a person to access and review any images of them
(this is called a subject access request (SAR)).
141 </p>
142 <p>
142 Where external CCTV is installed and the Children's Home has immediate neighbours, guidance
recommends that neighbours should be involved and listened to where there are concerns.
142 </p>
143 <p>
143 CCTV must not be used to replace or supplement staffing.
143 </p>
144 <p>
144 Owners of Children's Homes and their managers should be compliant with the 'Home office
Surveillance camera code of practice' (2013) and the Surveillance Camera Commissioner, A guide
to the 12 principles (see
144 <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/surveillance-camera-code-of-practice"
target="_blank">
144 GOV.UK, Surveillance camera code of practice (2014)
144 </a>
144 ).
144 </p>
145 <p>
145 <span class="bold">
145 Monitoring of personal electronic devices
145 </span>
145 : this includes monitoring the use of a child's own laptop, mobile phone or any other personal
electronic device. This must be carried out with their permission.
145 </p>
146 <p>
146 It is permissible to monitor online activity if it relates to the use of filters and monitoring
the effectiveness of those filters to protect children from exposure to inappropriate online
material and contact. This activity must be included in the Home's written policy and procedure.
146 </p>
147 <p>
147 (
147 <span class="bold">
147 Please note
147 </span>
147 : online filters should not be used as substitute for on-going discussions with children in the
home about their online activity and how they can keep safe. See also:
147 <a href="p_corresp.html">
147 Staying in Touch (including safe use of the internet and Social Media) Procedure
147 </a>
147 ).
147 </p>
148 <p>
148 <span class="bold">
148 Covert Surveillance: Important note - only a court can sanction covert surveillance
148 </span>
148 . This is where the monitoring of an individual is carried out in a way they are not aware of.
This might include equipment such as hidden cameras and /or listening devices or secretly
following the person. The
148 <a href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/23/contents" target="_blank">
148 Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000
148 </a>
148 governs the use of covert surveillance by public bodies.
148 </p>
149 <p class="tiny_text">
149 [1] Domestic CCTV systems - guidance for people using CCTV, ICO
149 </p>
150 <h2 class="h2_underlined">
150 <br />
151 5.
151 <a id="Plan">
151 </a>
151 The Care Plan
151 </h2>
152 <p>
152 All Looked After Children will have Care Plans and Placement Plans. Children living in
Children's Homes will also have a risk assessment. These plans:
152 </p>
153 <ul>
154 <li>
154 Must reflect the child's individual needs, levels of understanding and risks,(both for the
child and in relation to other children);
154 </li>
155 <li>
155 Must reflect the child's age, understanding and personal development and, as far as possible,
their wishes and feelings;
155 </li>
156 <li>
156 Clearly establish the ways in which the child is to be safeguarded both inside and outside the
Home;
156 </li>
157 <li>
157 Be multi-agency in nature;
157 </li>
158 <li>
158 Specifically identify any monitoring or surveillance systems that are used or to be deployed –
particularly CCTV and alarm systems;
158 </li>
159 <li>
159 Confirm that the child has been made fully aware of the monitoring systems the Home uses and
how this applies to them (depending on their age and understanding);
159 </li>
160 <li>
160 Ensure the child, the parent/person with parental responsibility and placing authority have
agreed to the use of the monitoring or surveillance;
160 </li>
161 <li>
161 Ensure the child has access to an advocate to support them in their understanding of the
Home's monitoring processes and enable the child to fully express their views about them;
161 </li>
162 <li>
162 Should have the agreement of the parent or person with parental responsibility;
162 </li>
163 <li>
163 Have agreement of the placing authority;
163 </li>
164 <li>
164 The monitoring and surveillance aspect of the Care and Placement Plan and Risk Assessment must
be regularly reviewed and adjusted to reflect the changing needs and requirements of the
child.
164 </li>
165 </ul>
166 <h2 class="h2_underlined">
166 <br />
167 6.
167 <a id="Role">
167 </a>
167 Role of Staff
167 </h2>
168 <p>
168 When CCTV or audio monitoring is used for the protection of children, staffing levels must be
sufficient so that the images or alarms can be continually monitored and immediate action taken
to safeguard children without reducing the quality of care provided in the home.
168 </p>
169 <p>
169 All staff must be trained in the use and purpose of monitoring and surveillance systems e.g.
setting door alarm systems.
169 </p>
170 <p>
170 All staff must be aware of the purpose and function of such systems and how they positively
relate to each individual child.
170 </p>
171 <p>
171 Staff should have regular updated training on handling information gathered by monitoring or
surveillance. This should include:
171 </p>
172 <ul>
173 <li>
173 What to do when people ask for access to recordings;
173 </li>
174 <li>
174 How and when to share information;
174 </li>
175 <li>
175 What to do if there are complaints about surveillance;
175 </li>
176 <li>
176 What to do if children or parents withdraw their consent to surveillance.
176 </li>
177 </ul>
178 <h2 class="h2_underlined">
178 <br />
179 7.
179 <a id="Storage">
179 </a>
179 Storage of Surveillance Information
179 </h2>
180 <ul>
181 <li>
181 Images, and information should be stored securely, for their stated purpose, and only for as
long as necessary;
181 </li>
182 <li>
182 Security arrangements for sharing footage, for example, when used as evidence in court
hearings, should be included in the setting's written policy.
182 </li>
183 </ul>
184 <p>
184 See also:
184 </p>
185 <ul>
186 <li>
186 <a href="https://ico.org.uk/media/1542/cctv-code-of-practice.pdf#page=41" target="_blank">
186 In the picture: A data protection code of practice for surveillance cameras and personal
information, ICO (2017), Appendix 2: Checklist for users of limited CCTV systems monitoring
small retail and business premises
187 </a>
187 ; and
187 </li>
188 <li>
188 <a
href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_da
ta/file/368115/Leaflet_v6_WEB.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">
188 Code of practice - A guide to the 12 principles, Surveillance Camera Commissioner
188 </a>
188 .
188 </li>
189 </ul>
190 <h2 class="h2_underlined">
190 <br />
191 8.
191 <a id="References">
191 </a>
191 Further References
191 </h2>
192 <p>
192 <a
href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data
/file/282774/SurveillanceCameraCodePractice.pdf" target="_blank">
192 Surveillance Camera Code of Practice, Home Office (2013)
192 </a>
192 </p>
193 <p>
193 <a href="https://ico.org.uk/media/1542/cctv-code-of-practice.pdf" target="_blank">
193 In the picture: A data protection code of practice for surveillance cameras and personal
information, ICO (2017)
193 </a>
193 </p>
194 <p>
194 <a
href="https://www.cqc.org.uk/sites/default/files/CM111408_Item_8_Surveillance_literature_review_
Appen_3.pdf" target="_blank">
194 Electronic surveillance in health and social care settings: a brief review, SCIE (2014)
194 </a>
194 </p>
195 <p>
195 <br />
196 <br />
197 </p>
198 </div>
199 </div>
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206 </td>
207 <td width="40%" align="right" valign="top" style="padding-top: 0px;">
209 <div class="footer_box">
209 <a href="#">
209 visibility:
209 </a>
209
209 <a href="#" onclick="setActiveStyleSheet('small'); return false;">
209 <img src="images/icons/small_a.gif" alt="View this website with small text" border="0" />
209 </a>
209 <a href="#" onclick="setActiveStyleSheet('medium'); return false;">
209 <img src="images/icons/medium_a.gif" border="0" alt="View this website with medium
text" />
209 </a>
209 <a href="#" onclick="setActiveStyleSheet('large'); return false;">
209 <img src="images/icons/large_a.gif" border="0" alt="View this website with large text" />
209 </a>
209 <a href="#" onclick="setActiveStyleSheet('hivis'); return false;">
209 <img src="images/icons/hivis.gif" border="0" alt="View this website with high
visibility" />
209 </a>
209
209 <span class="darkdivider">
209 |
209 </span>
209
209 </div>
210 <div class="footer_box">
210 <a href="#" onclick="window.external.AddFavorite(location.href, document.title)">
210 <img src="images/icons/favourite.gif" alt="Add this page to your favourites" width="18"
height="18" border="0" />
210 </a>
210 <a href="#" onclick="window.external.AddFavorite(location.href, document.title)">
210 favourites
210 </a>
210
210 <span class="darkdivider">
210 |
210 </span>
210
210 </div>
211 <div class="footer_box">
211 W884 [WCAG21 2.1.1/2.1.3 (A/AAA)] Mouse/Pointer event handlers require keyboard equivalents:
When using mouse/pointer event handlers on elements that can be accessed by keyboard, ensure that you provide an equivalent keyboard handler. See WCAG 2.1 Failure F54. <input name="printMe" type="image" onclick="printSpecial()" value="Print this Page"
src="images/icons/print.gif" onmouseover="images/icons/print.gif'"
onmouseout="this.src='images/icons/print.gif'" alt="Print this page"/>
213 <a href="#" onclick="printSpecial()">
213 print
213 </a>
213
213 <span class="darkdivider">
213 |
213 </span>
213
213 </div>
214 </td>
215 </tr>
216 </table>
217 </div>
217 </div>
218 </div>
219 </body>
220 </html>