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63 <h1 class="h1">
63 Safeguarding Children and Young People from Sexual Exploitation
63 </h1>
64 <div class="scope_box" style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 15px;">
65 <h2 class="h3">
65 REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS
65 </h2>
66 <p>
66 <a
href="http://qualitystandards.proceduresonline.com/homes/p_quality_standards.html#protection_c
h" target="_blank">
66 The Protection of Children Standard
66 </a>
66 </p>
67 <h3 class="h3">
67 SCOPE OF THIS CHAPTER
67 </h3>
68 <p>
68 The guidance in this chapter should be read in conjunction with the Local Safeguarding
Children Partnerships (LSCP) procedures regarding the sexual exploitation of children and
young people.
68 </p>
69 <h3 class="h3">
69 RELEVANT INFORMATION AND GUIDANCE
69 </h3>
70 <ul>
71 <li>
71 <a
href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/child-sexual-exploitation-definition-and-gu
ide-for-practitioners" target="_blank">
71 Child Sexual exploitation: definition and guide for practitioners
71 </a>
71 - DfE;
71 </li>
72 <li>
72 <a href="https://www.barnardos.org.uk/what-we-do/protecting-children/cse" target="_blank">
72 Barnardos - Child Sexual Exploitation
72 </a>
72 - Resources and Research on CSE;
72 </li>
73 <li>
73 <a
href="https://www.rip.org.uk/resources/publications/practice-tools-and-guides/child-sexual-e
xploitation-practice-tool-2017-open-access/" target="_blank">
73 Child Sexual Exploitation: Practice Tool (2017) (Research in Practice – Open Access)
73 </a>
73 - Information about child sexual exploitation, and guidance on the complexities of
practically responding to the issue.
73 </li>
74 </ul>
75 <h3 class="h3">
75 AMENDMENT
75 </h3>
76 <p>
76 In September 2019, links were added to resources for practitioners working with children who
have been, or are at risk of, Child Sexual Exploitation published by Barnardos and Research in
Practice.
76 </p>
77 </div>
78 <h2 class="h2_underlined">
78 <br />
79 Contents
79 </h2>
80 <ol>
81 <li>
81 <a href="#intro">
81 Introduction
81 </a>
81 </li>
82 <li>
82 <a href="#indicators">
82 Indicators of Possible Sexual Exploitation
82 </a>
82 </li>
83 <li>
83 <a href="#missing">
83 Children and Young People who go Missing
83 </a>
83 </li>
84 <li>
84 <a href="#refer">
84 Referring Cases of Concern
84 </a>
84 </li>
85 <li>
85 <a href="#support">
85 Supporting Children and Young People out of Child Sexual Exploitation
85 </a>
85 </li>
86 <li>
86 <a href="#identif">
86 Identifying and Prosecuting Perpetrators
86 </a>
86 </li>
87 <li>
87 <a href="#legal">
87 Supporting Children and Young People through Related Legal Proceedings
87 </a>
87 </li>
88 </ol>
89 <h2 class="h2_underlined">
89 <br />
90 1.
90 <a name="intro" id="intro">
90 </a>
90 Introduction
90 </h2>
91 <p>
91 Child sexual exploitation is a crime with devastating and long lasting consequences for its
victims and their families. Childhoods and family life can be ruined and this is compounded when
victims, or those at risk of abuse, do not receive appropriate, immediate and on-going support.
The first response to children, and support for them to access help, must be the best it can be
from social workers, residential care workers, police, health practitioners and others who work
with children and their families.
91 </p>
92 <p>
92 Child sexual exploitation is a form of child sexual abuse. Sexual abuse involves forcing or
enticing a child or young person to take part in sexual activities, not necessarily involving a
high level of violence, whether or not the child is aware of what is happening. The activities
may involve physical contact, including assault by penetration (for example, rape or oral sex)
or non-penetrative acts such as masturbation, kissing, rubbing and touching outside of clothing.
They may also include non-contact activities, such as involving children in looking at, or in
the production of, sexual images, watching sexual activities, encouraging children to behave in
sexually inappropriate ways, or grooming a child in preparation for abuse Sexual abuse can take
place online, and technology can be used to facilitate offline abuse. Sexual abuse is not solely
perpetrated by adult males. Women can also commit acts of sexual abuse, as can other children.
92 </p>
93 <p>
93 The definition of child sexual exploitation is as follows:
93 </p>
94 <p>
94 Child sexual exploitation is a form of child sexual abuse. It occurs where an individual or
group takes advantage of an imbalance of power to coerce, manipulate or deceive a child or young
person under the age of 18 into sexual activity (a) in exchange for something the victim needs
or wants, and/or (b) for the financial advantage or increased status of the perpetrator or
facilitator. The victim may have been sexually exploited even if the sexual activity appears
consensual. Child sexual exploitation does not always involve physical contact; it can also
occur through the use of technology.
94 <a href="http://www.workingtogetheronline.co.uk/glossary/cse.html" target="_blank">
94 Working Together to Safeguard Children
94 </a>
94 .
94 </p>
95 <p>
95 Like all forms of child sexual abuse, child sexual exploitation:
95 </p>
96 <ul>
97 <li>
97 Can affect any child or young person (male or female) under the age of 18 years, including 16
and 17 year olds who can legally consent to have sex;
97 </li>
98 <li>
98 Can still be abuse even if the sexual activity appears consensual;
98 </li>
99 <li>
99 Can include both contact (penetrative and non-penetrative acts) and non-contact sexual
activity;
99 </li>
100 <li>
100 Can take place in person or via technology, or a combination of both;
100 </li>
101 <li>
101 Can involve force and/or enticement-based methods of compliance and may, or may not, be
accompanied by violence or threats of violence;
101 </li>
102 <li>
102 May occur without the child or young person's immediate knowledge (through others copying
videos or images they have created and posting on social media, for example);
102 </li>
103 <li>
103 Can be perpetrated by individuals or groups, males or females, and children or adults. The
abuse can be a one-off occurrence or a series of incidents over time, and range from
opportunistic to complex organised abuse; and
103 </li>
104 <li>
104 Is typified by some form of power imbalance in favour of those perpetrating the abuse. Whilst
age may be the most obvious, this power imbalance can also be due to a range of other factors
including gender, sexual identity, cognitive ability, physical strength, status, and access to
economic or other resources.
104 </li>
105 </ul>
106 <p>
106 Child sexual exploitation is a complex form of abuse which can be difficult for those working
with children to identify and assess. The indicators for child sexual exploitation can sometimes
be mistaken for 'normal adolescent behaviours'. It requires knowledge, skills, professional
curiosity and an assessment which analyses the risk factors and personal circumstances of
individual children to ensure that the signs and symptoms are interpreted correctly and
appropriate support is given. Even where a young person is old enough to legally consent to
sexual activity, the law states that consent is only valid where they make a choice and have the
freedom and capacity to make that choice. If a child feels they have no other meaningful choice,
are under the influence of harmful substances or fearful of what might happen if they don't
comply (all of which are common features in cases of child sexual exploitation) consent cannot
legally be given whatever the age of the child.
106 </p>
107 <p>
107 Child sexual exploitation is never the victim's fault, even if there is some form of exchange:
all children and young people under the age of 18 have a right to be safe and should be
protected from harm.
107 </p>
108 <p>
108 For more information please see
108 <a
href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/child-sexual-exploitation-definition-and-guide-
for-practitioners" target="_blank">
108 Child Sexual Exploitation: Definition and Guide for Practitioners (DfE 2017)
108 </a>
108 . This advice is non-statutory, and has been produced to help practitioners to identify child
sexual exploitation and take appropriate action in response. This advice includes the
management, disruption and prosecution of perpetrators.
108 </p>
109 <p>
109 Many children and young people are groomed into sexually exploitative relationships but other
forms of entry exist. Some young people are engaged in informal economies that incorporate the
exchange of sex for rewards such as drugs, alcohol, money or gifts. Others exchange sex for
accommodation or money as a result of homelessness and experiences of poverty. Some young people
have been bullied and threatened into sexual activities by peers or gangs which is then used
against them as a form of extortion and to keep them compliant.
109 </p>
110 <p>
110 Children and young people may have already been sexually exploited before they are placed in the
home; others may become targets of perpetrators during their placement. They can often be the
focus of perpetrators of sexual abuse due to their vulnerability. The manager and staff in the
home should therefore create an environment which educates children and young people about child
sexual exploitation, involving relevant outside agencies where appropriate. They should
encourage children to discuss any concerns with their key worker or other member of staff, and
also be encouraged to report any concerns about their peers to staff.
110 </p>
111 <h2 class="h2_underlined">
111 <br />
112 2.
112 <a name="indicators" id="indicators">
112 </a>
112 Indicators of Possible Sexual Exploitation
112 </h2>
113 <p>
113 Staff in the home should be aware of the key indicators of child sexual exploitation. They
include:
114 </p>
115 <h3 class="h3">
115 Health
115 </h3>
116 <ul>
117 <li>
117 Physical symptoms (bruising suggestive of either physical or sexual assault);
117 </li>
118 <li>
118 Chronic fatigue;
118 </li>
119 <li>
119 Recurring or multiple sexually transmitted infections;
119 </li>
120 <li>
120 Pregnancy and/or seeking an abortion;
120 </li>
121 <li>
121 Evidence of drug, alcohol or other substance misuse;
121 </li>
122 <li>
122 Risky sexual behaviour.
122 </li>
123 </ul>
124 <h3 class="h3">
124 Education
124 </h3>
125 <ul>
126 <li>
126 Truancy/disengagement with education or noticeable change in performance at school.
126 </li>
127 </ul>
128 <h3 class="h3">
128 Emotional and Behavioural Issues
128 </h3>
129 <ul>
130 <li>
130 Volatile behaviour exhibiting extreme array of mood swings or use of abusive language;
130 </li>
131 <li>
131 Involvement in petty crime such as shoplifting, stealing;
131 </li>
132 <li>
132 Secretive behaviour;
132 </li>
133 <li>
133 Entering or leaving in vehicles driven by people who are not known to the staff;
133 </li>
134 <li>
134 Reports of being seen in places known to be used for sexual exploitation, including takeaway
restraints, and shopping centres.
134 </li>
135 </ul>
136 <h3 class="h3">
136 Identity
136 </h3>
137 <ul>
138 <li>
138 Low self-image, low self-esteem, self-harming behaviour, e.g. cutting, overdosing, or eating
disorder.
138 </li>
139 </ul>
140 <h3 class="h3">
140 Relationships
140 </h3>
141 <ul>
142 <li>
142 Hostility in relationships with staff, family members as appropriate and significant others;
142 </li>
143 <li>
143 Physical aggression;
143 </li>
144 <li>
144 Placement breakdown;
144 </li>
145 <li>
145 Reports from reliable sources (e.g. family, friends or other professionals) suggesting the
likelihood of involvement in sexual exploitation;
145 </li>
146 <li>
146 Detachment from age-appropriate activities;
146 </li>
147 <li>
147 Associating with other young people who are known to be sexually exploited;
147 </li>
148 <li>
148 Sexual relationship with a significantly older person, or younger person who is suspected of
being abusive;
148 </li>
149 <li>
149 Excessive receipt of phone calls or text messages;
149 </li>
150 <li>
150 Adults or older youths loitering outside the home;
150 </li>
151 <li>
151 Persistently missing, staying out overnight or returning late with no plausible explanation.
151 </li>
152 </ul>
153 <p>
153 <span class="bold">
153 Please note
153 </span>
153 : Whilst the focus has often been on older men as perpetrators, younger men and women may also
be involved and staff should always be mindful of this.
153 </p>
154 <h3 class="h3">
154 Social Presentation
154 </h3>
155 <ul>
156 <li>
156 Change in appearance;
156 </li>
157 <li>
157 Leaving the care setting in clothing unusual for them (inappropriate for age, borrowing
clothing from older young people).
157 </li>
158 </ul>
159 <h3 class="h3">
159 Family and Environmental Factors
159 </h3>
160 <ul>
161 <li>
161 History of physical, sexual, and/or emotional abuse; neglect; domestic violence; parental
difficulties.
161 </li>
162 </ul>
163 <h3 class="h3">
163 Housing
163 </h3>
164 <ul>
165 <li>
165 Pattern of previous street homelessness;
165 </li>
166 <li>
166 Having keys to premises other than those known about.
166 </li>
167 </ul>
168 <h3 class="h3">
168 Income
168 </h3>
169 <ul>
170 <li>
170 Possession of large amounts of money with no plausible explanation;
170 </li>
171 <li>
171 Acquisition of expensive clothes, mobile phones or other possessions without plausible
explanation;
171 </li>
172 <li>
172 Accounts of social activities with no plausible explanation of the source of necessary
funding.
172 </li>
173 </ul>
174 <p>
174 This list is not exhaustive.
174 </p>
175 <p>
175 Staff should be aware that often children and young people who are sexually exploited do not see
themselves as victims. In such situations, discussions with them about the concerns which staff
have should be handled with great sensitivity. Seeking prior advice from specialist agencies may
be useful. This should be done without disclosing personal, identifiable information.
175 </p>
176 <p>
176 In assessing whether a child or young person is being sexually exploited, or at risk of sexual
exploitation, careful consideration should be given to the issue of consent. It is important to
bear in mind that:
176 </p>
177 <ul>
178 <li>
178 A child under the age of 13 is not legally capable of consenting to sex (it is statutory rape)
or any other type of sexual touching;
178 </li>
179 <li>
179 Sexual activity with a child under 16 is also an offence;
179 </li>
180 <li>
180 It is an offence for a person to have a sexual relationship with a 16 or 17 year old if they
hold a position of trust or authority in relation to them;
180 </li>
181 <li>
181 While sexual activity with a 16 or 17 year is not in itself a criminal offence, it may still
be exploitative if the young person's consent has not been freely given (e.g. as a result of
intoxication or threats of violence);
181 </li>
182 <li>
182 Non-consensual sex is rape whatever the age of the victim; and
182 </li>
183 <li>
183 Child sexual exploitation is therefore potentially a safeguarding and child protection issue
for all children under the age of 18 years and not just those in a specific age group.
183 </li>
184 </ul>
185 <p>
185 Children can be both experiencing child sexual exploitation and perpetrating it at the same
time. Examples might include a child who is forced to take part in the exploitation of another
child under duress, or a child who is forced to introduce other children to their abuser under
threats to their family's safety. These situations require a nuanced approach that recognises
and engages with the young person's perpetration within the context of their own victimisation.
185 </p>
186 <p>
186 As well as responding to an individual child or young person who goes missing (see
186 <a href="#missing">
186 Section 3, Children and Young People who go Missing
186 </a>
186 ), the home should also collate and share data on missing incidents.
186 </p>
187 <h2 class="h2_underlined">
187 <br />
188 3.
188 <a name="missing" id="missing">
188 </a>
188 Children and Young People who go Missing
188 </h2>
189 <p>
189 A significant number of children and young people who are being sexually exploited may go
missing from care and education, some frequently; the more often they go missing the more
vulnerable they are to being sexually exploited. If a child goes missing from care, the
189 <a href="p_absence.html">
189 Absent/Missing Children Procedure
189 </a>
189 should be followed.
189 </p>
190 <p>
190 <a
href="http://trixresources.proceduresonline.com/nat_key/keywords/indep_return_interview.html
" target="_blank">
190 Independent Return Interviews
190 </a>
190 for young runaways can help in establishing why a young person ran away and the subsequent
support that may be required, as well as preventing repeat incidents. Information gathered from
return interviews can be used to inform the identification, referral and assessment of any child
sexual exploitation cases.
190 </p>
191 <h2 class="h2_underlined">
191 <br />
192 4.
192 <a name="refer" id="refer">
192 </a>
192 Referring Cases of Concern
192 </h2>
193 <p>
193 Where a member of staff is concerned that a child or young person is involved in, or at risk of,
sexual exploitation, they should discuss their concerns with a senior member of staff or the
home's Designated Child Protection Manager. If it is decided that action needs to be taken to
protect the child, Local Safeguarding Children Partnerships Procedures should be triggered. This
will include making a referral to Children's Social Care in which the home is located and the
local Police.
193 </p>
194 <p>
194 See
194 <a href="p_child_protection.html#reporting">
194 Referring Safeguarding Concerns Procedure, Reporting Concerns, Suspicions or Allegations of
Abuse or Harm.
194 </a>
194 </p>
195 <p>
195 In the case of suspected Child Sexual Exploitation
195 <a
href="http://trixresources.proceduresonline.com/nat_key/keywords/office_standards_edu.html"
target="_blank">
195 Ofsted
195 </a>
195 , the Placing Authority and Police must be informed (see also
195 <a href="p_notif_events.html">
195 Notification of Serious Events Procedure
195 </a>
195 ).
195 </p>
196 <h2 class="h2_underlined">
196 <br />
197 5.
197 <a name="support" id="support">
197 </a>
197 Supporting Children and Young People out of Child Sexual Exploitation
197 </h2>
198 <p>
198 Statutory agencies and voluntary sector organisations together with the child or young person,
and their family as appropriate, should agree on the services and support which should be
provided to them and how they will be coordinated. The types of intervention offered should be
appropriate to the young person's individual needs and should take full account of identified
risk factors and their individual circumstances.
198 </p>
199 <p>
199 Advice should be sought from the nearest specialist service which works with children and young
people involved in Child Sexual Exploitation. A referral should be made as appropriate,
following consultation with the child or young person.
199 </p>
200 <p>
200 Issues raised and action planned should be incorporated into the child's
200 <a href="http://trixresources.proceduresonline.com/nat_key/keywords/care_plan.html"
target="_blank">
200 Care Plan
200 </a>
200 and
200 <a href="http://trixresources.proceduresonline.com/nat_key/keywords/placement_plan.html"
target="_blank">
200 Placement Plan
200 </a>
200 , and reviewed as part of the
200 <a href="http://trixresources.proceduresonline.com/nat_key/keywords/looked_aft_review.html"
target="_blank">
200 Looked After Child Review
200 </a>
200 .
200 </p>
201 <p>
201 Because the effects of Child Sexual Exploitation can last well into adulthood, support may be
required over a long period of time. In such circumstances, effective links should be made
between Children and Adult Services and statutory and voluntary organisations.
201 </p>
202 <p>
202 This should be incorporated into the young person's
202 <a href="http://trixresources.proceduresonline.com/nat_key/keywords/pathway_plan.html"
target="_blank">
202 Pathway Plan
202 </a>
202 .
202 </p>
203 <h2 class="h2_underlined">
203 <br />
204 6.
204 <a name="identif" id="identif">
204 </a>
204 Identifying and Prosecuting Perpetrators
204 </h2>
205 <p>
205 The Police and Criminal Justice Agencies lead on the identification and prosecution of
perpetrators. All practitioners, however, have a role in gathering, recording and sharing
information with the Police and other agencies, as appropriate and in agreement with them.
205 </p>
206 <p>
206 The home's Manager and senior staff should proactively liaise with local Police regarding Child
Sexual Exploitation. This should include the Police giving advice to staff about what action
they should take if they are concerned a child in their care is at risk of or is being sexually
exploited. This may include gathering information to pass onto the Police, such as vehicle
registration numbers, names, physical descriptions etc. It may also include what action staff
should take in the case of suspected sexual or physical abuse in order to protect potential
evidence, which may be useful in the case of an alleged perpetrator being prosecuted.
206 </p>
207 <p>
207 Staff in children's homes should bear in mind that sexual exploitation often does not occur in
isolation and has links to other crime types, including:
207 </p>
208 <ul>
209 <li>
209 Child trafficking (into, out of and within the UK);
209 </li>
210 <li>
210 Domestic Violence and Abuse;
210 </li>
211 <li>
211 Sexual violence in intimate relationships;
211 </li>
212 <li>
212 Grooming (both online and offline);
212 </li>
213 <li>
213 Abusive images of children and their distribution (organised abuse);
213 </li>
214 <li>
214 Organised sexual abuse of children;
214 </li>
215 <li>
215 Drugs-related offences (dealing, consuming and cultivating);
215 </li>
216 <li>
216 Gang-related activity;
216 </li>
217 <li>
217 Criminal exploitation;
217 </li>
218 <li>
218 Immigration-related offences;
218 </li>
219 <li>
219 Domestic servitude.
219 </li>
220 </ul>
221 <h2 class="h2_underlined">
221 <br />
222 7.
222 <a name="legal" id="legal">
222 </a>
222 Supporting Children and Young People through Related Legal Proceedings
222 </h2>
223 <p>
223 Where alleged perpetrators are arrested and charged with offences against children or young
people in the home, staff should ensure the young people concerned are supported throughout the
prosecution process and beyond. Specialist agencies should be involved in supporting the child
or young person, as required. This may include using special measures to protect them when
giving evidence in court for example. Independent Sexual Violence Advisers or specialist
voluntary sector services, if available, may also have an important role to play.
223 </p>
224 <p>
224 <br />
225 <br />
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