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  83                       Warrington Children's Services Procedures Manual
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 136               <h1>
 136                 Children's Consultation and Participation
 136               </h1>
 141               <div class="well">
 142                 <p class="bold">
 142                   SCOPE OF THIS CHAPTER
 142                 </p>
 143                 <p>
 143                   Working Together to Safeguard Children (Statutory Guidance, DfE) promotes a child centred
                       approach to safeguarding, and emphasises that practitioners should keep the child in focus
                       when making decisions about their lives and work in partnership with them and their
                       families. Anyone working with children should see and speak to the child; listen to what
                       they say; take their views seriously; and work with them and their families collaboratively
                       when deciding how to support their needs. Special provision should be put in place to
                       support dialogue with children who have communication difficulties, unaccompanied children,
                       refugees and those children who are victims of modern slavery and/or trafficking.
 143                 </p>
 144                 <p>
 144                   It is essential therefore that children and young people are enabled by professionals to
 144                   <span class="bold">
 144                     participate
 144                   </span>
 144                   in matters that affect them, particularly any plans or arrangements that will affect them
                       and/or their family and are
 144                   <span class="bold">
 144                     consulted
 144                   </span>
 144                   with regard to processes designed to improve services both to them individually and more
                       generally.
 144                 </p>
 145                 <p class="bold">
 145                   LOCAL INFORMATION
 145                 </p>
 146                 <p>
 146 next issueprevious issueW867 [WCAG21 2.4.4 (A)] Identical adjacent links that use different link text may be confusing: See
              matching tag on line: 147
If you have adjacent links to the same place with different link text it can be confusing to the user. You should consider combining these into one link and removing any redundant link text. See Understanding 2.4.4.                       <a href="https://www.warrington.gov.uk/children-care-council" target="_blank" rel="noopener">
 146                     Warrington Children and Young People's Plan (2019 - 2022)
 146                   </a>
 146                 </p>
 147                 <p>
 147 next issueprevious issueW867 [WCAG21 2.4.4 (A)] Identical adjacent links that use different link text may be confusing: See
              matching tag on line: 146
If you have adjacent links to the same place with different link text it can be confusing to the user. You should consider combining these into one link and removing any redundant link text. See Understanding 2.4.4.                       <a href="https://www.warrington.gov.uk/children-care-council" target="_blank" rel="noopener">
 147                     Warrington Children in Care Council
 147                   </a>
 147                 </p>
 148                 <p class="bold">
 148                   RELEVANT GUIDANCE
 148                 </p>
 149                 <p>
 149                   <a
                       href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/send-complaints-guide-for-young-people-aged
                       -16-to-25-in-education" target="_blank" rel="noopener">
 149                     SEND complaints: guide for young people aged 16 to 25 in education
 149                   </a>
 149                   - A guide for young people on how to resolve special education needs and disability (SEND)
                       disagreements.
 149                 </p>
 150                 <p>
 150                   <a href="https://councilfordisabledchildren.org.uk/resources-and-help/im-young-person"
                       target="_blank" rel="noopener">
 150                     Council for Disabled Children
 150                   </a>
 150                   - Provides useful resources for disabled children and young people.
 150                 </p>
 151                 <p class="bold">
 151                   RELATED CHAPTERS
 151                 </p>
 152                 <p>
 152                   <a href="g_recording_guide.html">
 152                     Recording Policy and Guidelines
 152                   </a>
 152                 </p>
 153                 <p>
 153                   <a href="p_sw_visits.html">
 153                     Social Worker Visits to Children in Care Procedure
 153                   </a>
 153                 </p>
 154                 <p>
 154                   <a href="p_advocacy.html">
 154                     Advocacy and Independent Visitors Procedure
 154                   </a>
 154                 </p>
 155                 <p>
 155                   <a href="p_app_role_iro.html">
 155                     Appointment and Role of Independent Reviewing Officers Procedure
 155                   </a>
 155                 </p>
 156                 <a href="p_look_aft_rev.html">
 156                   Case Reviews Procedure
 156                 </a>
 156               </div>
 163               <div class="section">
 163                 <h2 id="intro">
 163                   1. Introduction
 163                 </h2>
 164                 <p>
 164                   Participation of children and young people in decisions about their lives is an essential
                       part of growing up and, if done well, it enhances children's safety and well-being and
                       improves services designed to support and protect them. In the world of social care,
                       participation work often takes place in complex and emotionally charged situations. To be
                       done well it requires a commitment at all levels of the organisation to reflect on and
                       promote:
 164                 </p>
 165                 <ul>
 166                   <li>
 166                     Positive attitudes to children;
 166                   </li>
 167                   <li>
 167                     Effective communication skills;
 167                   </li>
 168                   <li>
 168                     Dedicated financial resources;
 168                   </li>
 169                   <li>
 169                     Commitment to developing services which support children's participation, such as advocacy
                         and participation services;
 169                   </li>
 170                   <li>
 170                     Realistic expectations and honesty about the level of willingness is to change existing
                         services and decisions in response to children's views.
 170                   </li>
 171                 </ul>
 172                 <p>
 172                   Local authorities actively seek to ensure children and young people are consulted about
                       decisions and processes that affect them.
 172                   <a
                       href="https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/175391/Munro
                       -Review.pdf#page=27" target="_blank" rel="noopener">
 172                     The Munro Review
 172                   </a>
 172                   made clear that what is important to children and young people is 'reliability, honesty and
                       continuity'. Warrington Borough Council is committed to ensuring that children and young
                       people are informed about what is happening to them and promotes opportunities for them to
                       contribute to what is happening. The aim is to share and practise positive approaches to
                       effective communication and learning through active listening. Warrington Borough Council is
                       committed to both speaking and listening clearly, purposefully and honestly with children
                       and young people.
 172                 </p>
 173                 <p>
 173                   Warrington Borough Council seeks to consider identity, diversity, culture, sexual
                       orientation, language, disability, delayed speech, low confidence and trust in all its
                       interactions with both children and adults.
 173                 </p>
 174                 <p>
 174                   Every member of our staff is committed to seeking and recording the views of every child
                       they work with. They will also record the decisions that are made and the influence that the
                       views of the child/young person have had on those decisions. Where decisions are made that
                       are different from or contrary to the views of the child or young person this will be
                       clearly recorded with the reasons for the decision clearly explained.
 174                 </p>
 175                 <p>
 175                   In addition, Warrington Borough Council will ensure that systems are in place to support
                       formal consultation with young people's groups and will seek to aggregate individual issues
                       and concerns so that managers may consider the impact that current services have on young
                       people. This information may be used to inform future developments.
 175                 </p>
 176               </div>
 177               <div class="section1">
 177               </div>
 183               <div class="section">
 183                 <h2 id="benefits">
 183                   2. Benefits of Participation
 183                 </h2>
 184                 <p>
 184                   Much has been written on the benefits of and barriers to participation by young people in
                       matters that affect them. In brief the benefits for children and young people are:
 184                 </p>
 185                 <ul>
 186                   <li>
 186                     Having a safe space to reflect on the events that have brought them into contact with
                         Social Care;
 186                   </li>
 187                   <li>
 187                     The opportunity to give their version of what has happened to them and to say what they
                         would like to happen in the future;
 187                   </li>
 188                   <li>
 188                     The sense of empowerment that comes from being listened to and seeing what they have said
                         making a difference to what happens;
 188                   </li>
 189                   <li>
 189                     The possibility of having their concerns and issues dealt with at an early stage, which
                         could have an immediate impact for them in terms of how they identify their 'quality of
                         life';
 189                   </li>
 190                   <li>
 190                     The opportunity to have explained to them what is happening in the present moment and what
                         is likely to happen in the future and what will be done to keep them (and their siblings)
                         safe.
 190                   </li>
 191                 </ul>
 192                 <p>
 192                   For parents/carers the benefits of children's participation can be:
 192                 </p>
 193                 <ul>
 194                   <li>
 194                     The opportunity (perhaps for the first time) to hear their children's views about what has
                         happened and what they want to change;
 194                   </li>
 195                   <li>
 195                     A model of communicating that may improve their relationship with their child(ren).
 195                   </li>
 196                 </ul>
 197                 <p>
 197                   For professionals and organisations offering services to children and young people the
                       benefits can be:
 197                 </p>
 198                 <ul>
 199                   <li>
 199                     Reinforcement of a focus on the child's safety and wellbeing;
 199                   </li>
 200                   <li>
 200                     A self auditing tool;
 200                   </li>
 201                   <li>
 201                     The greater likelihood of effective engagement with the Plan by the child / young person
                         themselves;
 201                   </li>
 202                   <li>
 202                     A focus for all professionals to work from.
 202                   </li>
 203                 </ul>
 204               </div>
 205               <div class="section1">
 205               </div>
 211               <div class="section">
 211                 <h2 id="barriers">
 211                   3. Barriers to Participation
 211                 </h2>
 212                 <p>
 212                   There are a number of barriers to participation. Broadly speaking these are:
 212                 </p>
 213                 <ul>
 214                   <li>
 214                     Structural - complex procedures and lack of clarity about responsibilities; too many
                         changes of personnel;
 214                   </li>
 215                   <li>
 215                     A lack of clarity about what participation is or confusion over how it will be addressed;
                         a lack of clarity about what it can and cannot change and what it should deliver for the
                         child, the family and the organisation;
 215                   </li>
 216                   <li>
 216                     Competence - staff lacking in experience or having an inability to effectively communicate
                         with children, or children of a particular age or from a particular culture;
 216                   </li>
 217                   <li>
 217                     Capacity - a lack of time (e.g. staff too overwhelmed by other pressures) or other
                         resources required to enable participation, thus 'rushing' or making it a 'box
                         ticking' exercise;
 217                   </li>
 218                   <li>
 218                     Inadequate plans that fail to be clear about who will be responsible for ensuring
                         participation;
 218                   </li>
 219                   <li>
 219                     Children's behaviour - can be misinterpreted and sometimes causes a barrier for
                         professionals and carers. Those seeking to engage often need a variety of tools / methods
                         and patience/space to deal with this to promote engagement;
 219                   </li>
 220                   <li>
 220                     Children themselves can become disinterested and disengaged because of delays;
 220                   </li>
 221                   <li>
 221                     Children are far more spontaneous and their timescales are far shorter;
 221                   </li>
 222                   <li>
 222                     Professionals need to ensure that children have a variety of times, people, places and
                         approaches to participation available to them (i.e. seeing children on their own, allowing
                         time after traumatic events).
 222                   </li>
 223                 </ul>
 224               </div>
 225               <div class="section1">
 225               </div>
 231               <div class="section">
 231                 <h2 id="promoting">
 231                   4. Promoting Participation
 231                 </h2>
 232                 <p>
 232                   Warrington Borough Council has a number of formal processes for seeking the Participation
                       and consultation of children and young people. Staff, carers, managers and others who come
                       into contact with children are encouraged and enabled to see each and every interaction as a
                       potential opportunity to develop trust and confidence such that children and young people
                       feel able to confide and state their views and preferences in matters that affect them.
 232                 </p>
 233               </div>
 234               <div class="section1">
 234               </div>
 240               <div class="section">
 241                 <h2 id="participation">
 241                   5. Participation - the Role of the Social Worker
 241                 </h2>
 242                 <p>
 242                   The most important means of encouraging and enabling participation by Children in Care in
                       decisions that affect them and their lives remains the relationship with their Social Worker
                       and other significant professionals and adults in their lives.
 242                 </p>
 243                 <p>
 243                   Enabling children and young people who have not previously had opportunities to express
                       their views is demanding and can be challenging work that requires creativity, empathy and
                       resilience on the part of the worker. Consultations need to be planned for, reflected on
                       and, if necessary, returned to in order that children and young people are given every
                       opportunity to express their views.
 243                 </p>
 244                 <p>
 244                   In order for them to express views about matters that affect them it is also vital that
                       children and young people are in possession of information and have experiences that enable
                       them to make informed choices.
 244                 </p>
 245                 <p>
 245                   If participation is not possible or is restricted for whatever reason, steps should be taken
                       to ensure those affected are informed of decisions as soon as practicable after they are
                       made, and an explanation for the decision taken, together with the opportunity to make a
                       comment and express their views.
 245                 </p>
 246                 <p>
 246                   If it is then felt that a different decision may have been appropriate, steps should be
                       taken to reconsider the decision.
 246                 </p>
 247                 <p>
 247                   If decisions are made against people's wishes, they should be informed of the decision and
                       the reasons for the decision should be explained. In these circumstances, the person should
                       be informed of any rights they have to formally challenge the decision, and of the
                       availability of the Complaints Procedure (see
 247                   <a href="p_reps_complaints.html">
 247                     Complaints and Representations Procedure
 247                   </a>
 247                   ).
 247                 </p>
 248                 <p>
 248                   Sometimes children and young people express their preferences through their behaviour rather
                       than through words i.e. by running away or by displaying challenging behaviour. It is
                       important to attempt to see beyond the behaviour and to try to understand what the child or
                       young person is trying to express. (
 248                   <span class="bold">
 248                     Note
 248                   </span>
 248                   : that where children have returned home from having run away, the 'return' interviews
                       should be conducted by a trained and independent person who has been trained to undertake
                       this).
 248                 </p>
 249                 <p>
 249                   Finally, children and young people should be made aware of the systems and processes
                       available to them if they wish to raise concerns or complain and what, if any, other forms
                       of redress may be available to them if things go wrong.
 249                 </p>
 250               </div>
 251               <div class="section1">
 251               </div>
 257               <div class="section">
 257                 <h2 id="role_man">
 257                   6. Participation - the Role of Managers
 257                 </h2>
 258                 <p>
 258                   Managers must ensure that social workers and/or staff have the time and resources available
                       to them to ensure the effective participation of children and young people.
 258                 </p>
 259                 <p>
 259                   Managers should:
 259                 </p>
 260                 <ul>
 261                   <li>
 261                     Use supervision to consider issues relating to the Voice of the Child in ongoing cases;
 261                   </li>
 262                   <li>
 262                     Check that records show where and how the Voice of the Child has been sought, what was
                         said and how the child's wishes have been responded to and, if not, why not;
 262                   </li>
 263                   <li>
 263                     Review, on a regular basis, the various methodologies whereby children's views are sought;
 263                   </li>
 264                   <li>
 264                     Review complaints or concerns raised by children and young people and what actions have
                         been taken to address these;
 264                   </li>
 265                   <li>
 265                     Review compliments to build on this;
 265                   </li>
 266                   <li>
 266                     Consider how representative issues raised by children and young people are in relation to
                         such issues as gender, culture, sexuality and disability;
 266                   </li>
 267                   <li>
 267                     Ensure processes designed to aggregate issues raised by children and young people are in
                         place and are routinely being used;
 267                   </li>
 268                   <li>
 268                     Ensure processes are in place whereby it can be fed back to both individual children and
                         the wider group what changes have been made as a result of issues raised.
 268                   </li>
 269                 </ul>
 270               </div>
 271               <div class="section1">
 271               </div>
 277               <div class="section">
 277                 <h2 id="process">
 277                   7. Processes for Consulting Children and Young People
 277                 </h2>
 278                 <ol style="list-style-type:lower-roman">
 279                   <li>
 279                     Children and young people can be involved in the development of services through the
                         Children in Care Council (CiCC) The
 279                     <a href="https://www.warrington.gov.uk/children-care-council" target="_blank"
                         rel="noopener">
 279                       CiCC
 279                     </a>
 279                     in Warrington is facilitated by the Youth Service;
 279                   </li>
 280                   <li>
 280                     Children and young people can also be involved in:
 281                     <ol>
 282                       <li>
 282                         Recruitment;
 282                       </li>
 283                       <li>
 283                         Mentoring;
 283                       </li>
 284                       <li>
 284                         Training.
 284                       </li>
 285                     </ol>
 286                   </li>
 288                   <li>
 288                     Case Reviews and other Meetings (see
 288                     <a href="p_look_aft_rev.html">
 288                       Case Reviews Procedure
 288                     </a>
 288                     ).
 288                     <br />
 289                     <br />
 290                     Every Review and/or meeting relating to a child's case is an opportunity for children and
                         young people to participate in their Care Plan and arrangements;
 290                     <br>
 291                     <br>
 292                   </li>
 293                   <li>
 293                     Advocacy and Independent Visitors (see
 293                     <a href="p_advocacy.html">
 293                       Advocacy and Independent Visitors Procedure
 293                     </a>
 293                     ).
 293                     <br />
 294                     <br />
 295                     Advocates and Independent Visitors support and assist children and young people to
                         participate in the services offered;
 295                     <br>
 296                     <br>
 297                   </li>
 298                   <li>
 298                     Support to children who have communication difficulties see also
 298                     <a href="p_child_disability.html">
 298                       Children and Young People Aged 0-25 with Special Educational Needs and Disabilities
                           Procedure
 298                     </a>
 298                     .
 298                     <br />
 299                     <br />
 300                     Support and specialist services to children who have communication difficulties will
                         always be offered. For children for whom English is not their first language a translator
                         should be considered to enable the child to contribute. For children with communication
                         difficulties as a result of physical or learning disabilities people who can use whatever
                         medium of communication is most helpful to the child will be used;
 300                     <br>
 301                     <br>
 302                   </li>
 303                   <li>
 303                     Social media.
 303                     <br />
 304                     <br />
 305                     Increasingly children and young people are becoming confident users of social media such
                         as Facebook, texting, twitter and other apps. We see this as an opportunity for enabling
                         children and young people to participate in decisions about their life whether by texting
                         their IRO or by using social media applications.
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