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136 <h1>
136 Use of Social Media Sites by Social Care and Safeguarding Staff
136 </h1>
141 <div class="well">
142 <p class="bold">
142 NOTE
142 </p>
143 <p>
143 The use of social media in a social care and safeguarding environment is a developing area.
Cases and reviews have discussed the use of social media in social work practice. There is,
however, currently no specific government guidance on the issue. This chapter is designed to
highlight some of the issues to be considered, with links to additional information. It is
not intended to provide any legal advice, and legal advice must be sought as appropriate.
Local Authorities and Courts may have local protocols in place on the use of social
media/service of documents.
143 </p>
144 <p>
144 This chapter will continue to be updated as the body of case-law develops.
144 </p>
145 <table class="table" title="Working from Home/Remote Working">
146 <caption class="hide">
147 Caption: Working from Home
148 </caption>
149 <tr class="hide">
150 <th scope="col">
150
150 </th>
151 <th scope="col">
151
151 </th>
152 </tr>
153 <tr>
154 <td colspan="2" class="table_row_even">
154 <p class="bold">
154 Working from Home/Remote Working
154 </p>
155 <p>
155 It is important to remember that principles of data protection and confidentiality
apply equally when working in a home environment as they do when working in an office
environment.
155 </p>
156 Remember that you are still working, and appropriate standards of professionalism should
be maintained at all times. Do not post anything on personal social media accounts that
could inadvertently disclose any confidential work material/issues/identifying
information in relation to service-users.
156 </td>
157 </tr>
158 </table>
159 <p>
159 This chapter was added to the manual in August 2020.
159 </p>
160 </div>
167 <div class="section">
168 <h2 id="introduction">
168 1. Introduction
168 </h2>
169 <p>
169 Developments in online facilities such as social media sites are fast-changing. This can
impact on many aspects of daily life, including in a social care and safeguarding
environment. It is important that professionals keep up to date with and harness useful
technology, whilst ensuring that this is done in a safe and appropriate manner.
169 </p>
170 <p>
170 Social media can be a useful tool. It can be used by professionals to develop skills and
knowledge, and to network with others nationally and internationally. It offers new ways of
working. For example:
170 </p>
171 <ul>
172 <li>
172 Checking the social media accounts of missing children/young people, where they are
public, as part of efforts to trace them;
172 </li>
173 <li>
173 Tracing/serving birth parents during court proceedings;
173 </li>
174 <li>
174 As part of assessments, to ascertain the veracity of information provided by parents and
others.
174 </li>
175 </ul>
176 Court cases and case reviews have advocated the use of social media checks during assessments
and court proceedings. However, this is a developing area and caution must be exercised.
176 </div>
177 <div class="section1">
177 </div>
183 <div class="section">
184 <h2 id="issues">
184 2. Issues
184 </h2>
185 <p>
185 The increasing use of social media sites brings with it additional considerations. These
include:
185 </p>
186 <ul>
187 <li>
187 Confidentiality and consent of service users;
187 </li>
188 <li>
188 The need to process personal data in accordance with data protection principles;
188 </li>
189 <li>
189 Professionals' own right to privacy and private life;
189 </li>
190 <li>
190 The need for caution and corroboration – social media accounts can be infiltrated/faked.
Service-users may have more than one online persona;
190 </li>
191 <li>
191 Appropriate arrangements need to be made for setting up dedicated social media accounts.
It is not appropriate to use professionals' personal accounts or 'fake' accounts.
Employers may wish to set up corporate private profiles with access limited to a small
number of staff;
191 </li>
192 <li>
192 Depending on the circumstances, the viewing of service-users' social media accounts may
constitute overt or covert surveillance requiring appropriate authorisation.
192 </li>
193 </ul>
194 <h3>
194 2.1 Data Protection
194 </h3>
195 <p>
195 Information gleaned from searches of social media sites will constitute 'personal data'
which must be processed in accordance with data processing principles. It must be:
195 </p>
196 <ul>
197 <li>
197 Processed in a way that is lawful and fair;
197 </li>
198 <li>
198 For specified, explicit and legitimate purposes;
198 </li>
199 <li>
199 Adequate, relevant and not excessive;
199 </li>
200 <li>
200 Accurate and kept up to date;
200 </li>
201 <li>
201 Kept for no longer than is necessary;
201 </li>
202 <li>
202 Processed in a secure manner.
202 </li>
203 </ul>
204 <h3>
204 2.2 Consent
204 </h3>
205 <p>
205 It is good practice, where enquiries are likely to include searches of social media sites,
to make service-users generally aware of this fact by including this in the information
which is given to them at the commencement of the process, for example at the commencement
of the Assessment.
205 </p>
206 <p>
206 In specific cases, social media searches, as with other forms of information-gathering for
Assessment purposes, should generally take place with the consent of the subject, unless
there are valid reasons to the contrary. There may be an 'overriding public interest' in
obtaining and sharing information without explicit consent. This will depend on the
circumstances of each case. For more information, please refer to your Confidentiality
Policy.
206 </p>
207 <h3>
207 2.3 Covert/Overt Surveillance and the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000
207 </h3>
208 <p>
208 Viewing a service-user's social media content without their specific consent is not
necessarily, of itself, unlawful.
208 </p>
209 <p>
209 However, consideration must be given, in all cases, as to whether viewing the sites
constitutes 'directed surveillance' under the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000
('RIPA') and so requires authorisation under that Act. This is a complex area. The existing
legislative provisions, the stated views of the Chief Surveillance Commissioner and the
current attitudes of the courts are not necessarily easy to reconcile, and this is an area
which will, no doubt, continue to develop by way of case-law.
209 </p>
210 <p>
210 In a letter to local authorities in April 2017, the Chief Surveillance Commissioner concedes
that:
210 </p>
211 <p class="italic">
211 'These are complex legislative provisions, and without appropriate training and awareness
council officers cannot be expected to appreciate and apply them. They may therefore act
unlawfully. Ignorance would provide no defence to them personally, nor to the Council for
which they were working'.
211 </p>
212 <p>
212 Whilst the following general principles apply, each case must be treated on its own facts,
and legal advice MUST be sought as necessary:
212 </p>
213 <ul>
214 <li>
214 If the consent of the service-user is obtained, then no further authorisation would be
required;
214 </li>
215 <li>
215 If consent is not obtained but no privacy settings are in operation to prevent viewing,
then the material available on the sites can be regarded as 'open source', and so a
215 <span class="bold">
215 single
215 </span>
215 viewing would not constitute 'directed surveillance' under RIPA and no authorisation would
be required under that Act;
215 </li>
216 <li>
216 However, the Chief Surveillance Commissioner has made clear his view that
216 <span class="bold">
216 repeat
216 </span>
216 viewing of sites by staff may constitute 'directed surveillance' and if done covertly
(i.e. without the knowledge of that person) then this would be 'covert surveillance'. This
would require authorisation under the Act in the form of a warrant from a magistrate.* It
is for the employer to ensure that any covert surveillance is properly authorised,
recorded and, most importantly, legally justifiable.
216 </li>
217 </ul>
218 <p class="tiny_text">
218 *(The Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 amended the regulation of investigatory powers
legislation to reduce the circumstances in which a surveillance authorisation under RIPA can
be granted by a local authority, rather than by a court. A local authority can now only
grant an authorisation under RIPA for the use of directed surveillance for the investigation
of criminal offences which attract a maximum custodial sentence of 6 months or more or
relate to the underage sale of alcohol or tobacco. Surveillance as part of any other
investigations, e.g. child welfare/protection, can only be authorised by a court).
218 </p>
219 <p>
219 The Commissioner, in his
219 <a
href="https://www.ipco.org.uk/docs/OSC%20Annual%20Report%202016%20-%202017%20with%20new%20pa
ge%20furniture.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">
219 Annual Report 2016-17
219 </a>
219 , stated (at para 4.3) that the
219 <span class="italic">
219 'steady expansion in the use of the social media and internet for the purposes of
investigative work provides a striking example of a potential new problem……Local authority
officials, vested with responsibilities for… the care of children and vulnerable adults,
are, like everyone else, permitted to look at whatever material an individual may have
chosen to put into the public domain. This is entirely lawful, and requires no
authorisation. However,
219 </span>
219 <span class="italic">
219 <span class="bold">
219 repeated
219 </span>
219 </span>
219 <span class="italic">
219 visits to individual sites may develop into activity which, if it is to continue lawfully,
would require appropriate authorisation'
219 </span>
219 . (Emphasis added).
219 </p>
220 <p>
220 What constitutes 'repeat viewing' is not set out and will depend on the facts of each case.
220 </p>
221 <p>
221 The report notes (at para 15.2) that:
221 </p>
222 <p class="italic">
222 'When individuals choose to go public or advertise themselves, they cannot normally complain
that those who look at their social media sites are disregarding their rights to privacy.
However if the study of an individual site becomes persistent, issues under the legislation
[Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act] may arise'.
222 </p>
223 <p>
223 In the April 2017 letter to local authorities, the Commissioner set out that:
223 </p>
224 <p class="italic">
224 'RIPA issues do not normally arise at the start of any investigation which involves
accessing 'open source' material, but what may begin as a lawful overt investigation can
drift into covert surveillance which falls within the legislation.'
224 </p>
225 See also the
225 <a
href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_da
ta/file/742041/201800802_CSPI_code.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">
225 Covert Surveillance and Property Interference Code of Practice
225 </a>
225 .
225 </div>
226 <div class="section1">
226 </div>
232 <div class="section">
233 <h2 id="use">
233 3. Use of Social Media by Staff in a Personal Capacity
233 </h2>
234 <p>
234 Social media can be a useful learning and networking tool. However, caution must be
exercised. It is important to act in a way that does not compromise either the
confidentiality of service-users or the safety and security of the staff and their families.
234 </p>
235 <p>
235 Social media can blur the boundaries between the personal and the professional, which staff
should be wary of when communicating with service users.
235 </p>
236 <p>
236 Professionals should be mindful of the implications for their own right to privacy and
private life. Staff need to be vigilant to keep their own identity safe and that of friends
and families. They need to consider the implications and risks of putting personal
information on social media sites such as work, contact details and photographs of work
colleagues and family members, and should not do so if they think their privacy and safety
will be compromised. They may want to ask family and friends to bear this in mind when
posting information, as for example inappropriate pictures could open them up to criticism
or pictures of their family online could create difficulties.
236 </p>
237 <p>
237 It should not be assumed that privacy settings will prevent information reaching a wider
audience than that intended.
237 </p>
238 <p>
238 Inappropriate social media postings from personal accounts have led to Health and Care
Professions Council (HCPC) proceedings against professionals.
238 </p>
239 <p>
239 <a
href="https://www.hcpc-uk.org/globalassets/resources/guidance/guidance-on-social-media.pdf
" target="_blank" rel="noopener">
239 Health and Care Professions Council Guidance on Social Media
239 </a>
239 sets out these Top Tips for professionals using social media in a personal capacity, to
avoid breaching their professional responsibilities:
239 </p>
240 <ul>
241 <li>
241 <span class="bold">
241 Think before you post
241 </span>
241 . Assume that what you post could be shared and read by anyone;
241 </li>
242 <li>
242 <span class="bold">
242 Think about who can see what you share and manage your privacy settings accordingly
242 </span>
242 . Remember that privacy settings cannot guarantee that something you post will not be
publicly visible;
242 </li>
243 <li>
243 <span class="bold">
243 Maintain appropriate professional boundaries
243 </span>
243 if you communicate with colleagues, service users or carers. It is not appropriate to
'accept' service users and their carers as online 'friends' in a personal network, as it
creates a personal relationship outside of the workplace;
243 </li>
244 <li>
244 <span class="bold">
244 Do not post information which could identify a service user unless you have their
permission
244 </span>
244 ;
244 </li>
245 <li>
245 <span class="bold">
245 Do not post inappropriate or offensive material
245 </span>
245 . Use your professional judgement in deciding whether to post or share something;
245 </li>
246 <li>
246 <span class="bold">
246 If you are employed, follow your employer's social media policy
246 </span>
246 ;
246 </li>
247 <li>
247 <span class="bold">
247 When in doubt, get advice
247 </span>
247 ;
247 </li>
248 <li>
248 <span class="bold">
248 IF YOU THINK SOMETHING COULD BE INAPPROPRIATE OR OFFENSIVE, DO NOT POST IT
248 </span>
248 .
248 </li>
249 </ul>
250 </div>
251 <div class="section1">
251 </div>
257 <div class="section">
258 <h2 id="profess">
258 4. Use of Social Media by Staff in a Professional Capacity
258 </h2>
259 <h3>
259 4.1 Information-gathering during Assessments
259 </h3>
260 <p>
260 Searches of the social media activity of service-users and their associates can offer a
useful means of information-gathering as part of the Assessment process.
260 </p>
261 <p>
261 For example, it can be used to check some aspects of a service user's and/or their
family's/associate's account of current or recent events which might affect the safety of a
child or children, such as:
261 </p>
262 <ul>
263 <li>
263 Possible presence within the family environment of a Person Posing a Risk to Children;
263 </li>
264 <li>
264 Presence of known risky behaviour, such as drug and alcohol abuse;
264 </li>
265 <li>
265 Where there are reasonable grounds to believe that information given by a family as part
of the assessment is misleading or untrue e.g. the claimed separation of a couple where
domestic abuse is known to be a significant risk factor.
265 </li>
266 </ul>
267 <p>
267 This approach has been advocated recently in court cases and a serious case review.
267 </p>
268 <p>
268 The
268 <a
href="http://voiceofthechild.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/operating_framework_august_20
17.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">
268 Cafcass Operating Framework states
268 </a>
268 (emphasis added) (at para 2.24):
268 </p>
269 <p class="italic">
269 'While the [Family Court Adviser] will need to undertake various enquiries to ascertain what
has been going on in a family,
269 <span class="bold">
269 including social media enquiries where relevant and where the court agrees
269 </span>
269 , it is important to keep the focus on the child's daily lived experience rather than on any
dramatic scenarios put forward by either parent'.
269 </p>
270 <p>
270 In the 2017
270 <a
href="https://www.wolverhamptonsafeguarding.org.uk/images/safeguarding-children/SCR-Child-G-
Published-Jan-18.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">
270 Serious Case Review in relation to Child G
270 </a>
270 , the following learning was identified (para 1.3):
270 </p>
271 <p class="italic">
271 'When conducting assessments and reassessments of vulnerable families, practitioners may
find that including internet and social media checks would enhance and triangulate
information given by parents'.
271 </p>
272 <p>
272 The rationale stated to underpin this learning is that:
272 </p>
273 <p class="italic">
273 'Checks on the internet and social media can provide publicly available information about
lifestyle and relationships to inform assessments'.
273 </p>
274 <p>
274 The review report also noted that:
274 </p>
275 <p class="italic">
275 '…Such checks, including on social media, in other cases could, for example, contradict
denials of contact with dangerous ex-partners'.
275 </p>
276 <p>
276 The Review included a Recommendation that the safeguarding boards involved:
276 </p>
277 <p class="italic">
277 'Consider how best to enable practitioners to access and use relevant internet and public
facing social media content to enhance their assessments. This should include policy and
practice guidance'.
277 </p>
278 <h3>
278 4.2 Service of Court Documents
278 </h3>
279 <p>
279 The Honourable Mr Justice Holman, in the case of
279 <a href="http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWFC/HCJ/2017/19.html" target="_blank"
rel="noopener">
279 Re: T (A Child) [2017] EWFC 19
279 </a>
279 said he wanted the judgment to highlight that social media may be a useful tool for tracing
parents who are being served with notice of adoption.
279 </p>
280 <p>
280 <span class="italic">
280 'So I do wish to highlight by this short judgment that, in the modern era, Facebook may
well be a route to somebody such as a birth parent whose whereabouts are unknown and who
requires to be served with notice of adoption proceedings. I do not for one moment suggest
that Facebook should be the first method used, but it does seem to be a useful tool in the
armoury which can certainly be resorted to long before a conclusion is reached that it is
impossible to locate the whereabouts of a birth parent. Of course, not everyone is on
Facebook but, in this particular case, a relatively socially disadvantaged young mother ….
has been found very rapidly by that means'.
280 </span>
280 (paragraph 21)
280 </p>
281 <p>
281 Courts and local authorities may have local protocols regarding the use of social media for
service of court documentation. Legal advice must be sought as appropriate.
281 </p>
282 <p class="bold">
282 N.B. whilst the above case law highlights the use of Facebook, the principle should be
applied to all forms of social media.
282 </p>
283 </div>
284 <div class="section1">
284 </div>
290 <div class="section">
291 <h2 id="further_info">
291 Further Information
291 </h2>
292 <p>
292 <a
href="https://www.hcpc-uk.org/globalassets/resources/guidance/guidance-on-social-media.pdf
" target="_blank" rel="noopener">
292 Health and Care Professions Council Guidance on Social Media
292 </a>
292 </p>
293 <p>
293 <a
href="https://www.socialworkengland.org.uk/media/1640/1227_socialworkengland_standards_prof_
standards_final-aw.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">
293 Social Work England - Professional Standards
293 </a>
293 </p>
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294 Doctors' Use of Social Media (General Medical Council)
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