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135 <div class="panel-body">
136 <h1>
136 Applications for Emergency Protection Orders
136 </h1>
141 <div class="well">
142 <p class="bold">
142 RELATED GUIDANCE
143 </p>
144 <p>
144 <a
href="https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/306282/Statu
tory_guidance_on_court_orders_and_pre-proceedings.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">
144 Statutory Guidance for Local Authorities on Court Orders and Pre-Proceedings (2014)
144 </a>
144 </p>
145 </div>
152 <div class="section">
152 <h2 id="intro">
152 1. Introduction
152 </h2>
153 <p>
153 An emergency protection order (EPO) enables a child to be removed from where s/he is, or to
be kept where s/he is, if this is necessary to provide immediate short-term protection.
153 </p>
154 <p>
154 Under Section 44 of the Children Act 1989, the local authority (or any person) can apply to
the family court for an Emergency Protection Order where:
154 </p>
155 <ul>
156 <li>
156 The court is satisfied that there is reasonable cause to believe that the child is likely
to suffer significant harm if s/he is:
157 <ul>
158 <li>
158 Not removed to accommodation provided by the applicant; or
158 </li>
159 <li>
159 Does not remain in the place in which the child is being accommodated; or
159 </li>
160 </ul>
161 </li>
162 <li>
162 Section 47 enquiries are being frustrated by unreasonable refusal of access to the child,
and the local authority has reasonable cause to believe that access is needed as a matter
of urgency.
162 </li>
163 </ul>
164 <p>
164 The EPO will grant the local authority parental responsibility for the child which will
enable the child to be removed to other accommodation or to remain in a place where they are
being accommodated (e.g. a hospital or foster placement).
164 </p>
165 <p>
165 An EPO can be made for a maximum period of 8 days, with a possible extension of up to a
further seven days, to a maximum of 15 days. Extensions may be granted if the court has
reasonable cause to believe that the child is likely to suffer Significant Harm if the order
is not extended.
165 </p>
166 <p>
166 An application for an EPO is a very serious step, and the court must be satisfied that the
EPO is both necessary and proportionate and that there is no less radical form of order
available.
166 </p>
167 <p>
167 The court may give specific directions with regard to contact (with parents/significant
others) and about medical or psychiatric examination or other assessment of the child. If
there is a need for further investigation of the child's health and development but s/he is
not considered to be in immediate danger, then the local authority should apply for a child
assessment order.
167 </p>
168 <p>
168 The court can attach an exclusion requirement to an EPO which can exclude the relevant
person from the home, and from a designated area around the home. A power of arrest can be
attached to the exclusion requirement.
168 </p>
169 </div>
176 <div class="section">
176 <h2 id="dec_apply">
176 2. Decision to Apply for an EPO
176 </h2>
177 <p>
177 Planned emergency action will normally take place following a strategy discussion between
the local authority, police and other relevant agencies, and an emergency legal gateway
meeting. Where it is necessary to act immediately, a Strategy Discussion should take place
as soon as possible afterwards.
178 </p>
179 When considering whether emergency action is necessary, consideration should also be given to
the needs of other children in the same household or in the household of an alleged
perpetrator.
180 <p>
180 Before an application for an EPO can be made, a legal gateway meeting should take place to
establish whether there is sufficient evidence to establish that the Threshold Criteria for
an application are met. Legal advice can be sought by the out of hours manager from the out
of hours advice service if required.
180 </p>
181 <p>
181 The approval of the
181 <a href="pr_desg_man.html#emerg_prot">
181 Designated Manager (Emergency Protection Orders)
181 </a>
181 is required before the application is made, including whether the application should be made
ex parte (i.e. without prior notice being given to the parents).
181 </p>
182 <p>
182 The social worker will seek the Designated Manager's approval by outlining the reasons for
the application, the outcome of the legal consultation and the proposed plan for the child
should an EPO be granted. Any available documentation, for example the Child Protection
Conference Report or a medical report, should also be provided to the Designated Manager.
182 </p>
183 <p>
183 Before giving the approval, the guidance given by Mr Justice Munby in X Council v B should
be considered by the Designated Manager. This is set out in
183 <a href="#x_council">
183 Section 7, X Council v B Guidance.
183 </a>
183 </p>
184 <p>
184 After an EPO is made, the further approval of the Designated Manager (Emergency Protection
Orders) must be sought before any decision is made to remove the child from the parents'
care, where this was not part of the plan presented to the Court.
184 </p>
185 </div>
192 <div class="section">
192 <h2 id="prep_applic">
192 3. Preparation of the Application
192 </h2>
193 <p>
193 As soon as a decision has been made to apply for an EPO, the social worker should prepare a
written Statement of Evidence to support the application for an EPO. Where the Statement is
hand written, it must be legible; a typed copy of the statement must be filed with the Court
as soon as practicable after the Court hearing.
193 </p>
194 <p>
194 The evidence must be provided from the best available source; usually this will be the
social worker with direct knowledge of the child. Where the application refers to medical
opinion, the application must be supported by a written medical report provided by the
medical practitioner with direct knowledge of the child.
194 </p>
195 <p>
195 Where a Child Protection Conference has been held, the minutes of the most recent conference
should be produced to the Court.
195 </p>
196 <p>
196 Where it is considered that the application for an EPO should be made without prior notice
being given to the parents and the
196 <a href="pr_desg_man.html#emerg_prot">
196 Designated Manager (Emergency Protection Orders
196 </a>
196 ) approves this course of action, the leave of the Court will be required and the social
worker or their legal representative should contact a Legal Adviser at the Family Court in
order to apply for such leave. Save in a situation which is so urgent that legal advice has
not been sought, any communication with the Court should be via Legal Services. The court
will only consider applications without notice in high risk cases where the child's safety
would be endangered if the parents knew of the application, or for other reasons it is not
possible to notify them. Parents/those with Parental Responsibility/any person with whom the
child was living immediately before the making of the EPO, may apply to the court for the
discharge of an EPO made ex parte.
196 </p>
197 </div>
204 <div class="section">
204 <h2 id="hearing">
204 4. Hearing of the Application
204 </h2>
205 <p>
205 The social worker / legal representative who attends Court in support of an application for
an EPO must ensure that the guidance given by Mr Justice Munby in X Council v B (set out in
205 <a href="#x_council">
205 Section 7, X Council v B Guidance
205 </a>
205 ) is brought to the attention of the Court.
205 </p>
206 <p>
206 Where the parents have not been given notice of the hearing and/or do not attend the
hearing, the local authority legal representative or, in the absence of a legal
representative, the social worker who attends Court must also ensure that a full note is
made of the hearing so that a copy can be provided to the parents. This should be handed to
the parents as soon as possible after the hearing, together with a copy of the EPO, the
application, any written evidence submitted to the Court and the reasons.
206 </p>
207 </div>
214 <div class="section">
214 <h2 id="aft_hearing">
214 5. After the Hearing
214 </h2>
215 <p>
215 As soon as practicable after the hearing the social worker should convene a Legal Gateway
Meeting and seek the approval of the
215 <a href="pr_desg_man.html#care_proceedings">
215 Designated Manager (Care Proceedings)
215 </a>
215 to initiate Care Proceedings where necessary.
215 </p>
216 <p>
216 For further information see:
216 </p>
217 <p>
217 <a href="p_care_supervis_plo.html">
217 Care and Supervision Proceedings and the Public Law Outline
217 </a>
217 and
217 </p>
218 <p>
218 <a href="p_legal_planning_meetings.html">
218 Legal Gateway Meetings Procedure
218 </a>
218 </p>
219 </div>
226 <div class="section">
226 <h2 id="powers_to_assist">
226 6. Powers to Assist in Discovery of Children who May be in Need of Emergency Protection
226 </h2>
227 <p>
227 Where those holding the child do not readily agree to hand the child over, the EPO provides
a formal direction to any person who is in a position to do so to comply with any request to
produce the child.
227 </p>
228 <p>
228 The court can also attach a power to enter and search specified premises for a child who is
the subject of an EPO. If the child's whereabouts are unknown, but that information is held
by another person, the court may order that person to disclose the information when
requested to do so.
228 </p>
229 <p>
229 If the local authority is, or is likely to be, obstructed from exercising their powers under
the EPO, the court can issue a warrant authorising any police officer to assist in entering
and searching the premises, using reasonable force if necessary. If, upon gaining entry, it
is found that the child is not harmed and is not likely to suffer Significant Harm, the
child should not be removed.
229 </p>
230 <p>
230 If the applicant believes there may be another child on the premises which is to be
searched, who ought also to be the subject of an EPO, an order should be sought authorising
a search for that child as well. Where the name of the second child is not known, s/he
should be described as clearly as possible in the order. If a second child is found on the
premises and the applicant is satisfied that there are sufficient grounds for making an EPO,
the order authorising the search for the second child has effect as if it were an EPO. If
this happens, then the result of the search, and what action was taken and/or is planned as
a result, must be reported to the court.
230 </p>
231 </div>
238 <div class="section">
238 <h2 id="x_council">
238 7. X Council v B Guidance
238 </h2>
239 <p>
239 The 14 key points made by Mr Justice Munby in the above case are:
239 </p>
240 <ol style="list-style-type:lower-roman">
241 <li>
241 An EPO, summarily removing a child from his parents, is a draconian and extremely harsh
measure requiring exceptional justification and extraordinary compelling reasons. Such an
Order should not be made unless the Family Court is satisfied that it is both necessary
and proportionate and that no other less radical form of order will achieve the essential
end of promoting the welfare of the child. Separation is only to be contemplated if
immediate separation is essential to secure the child's safety: imminent danger must be
actually established;
241 </li>
242 <li>
242 Both the local authority which seeks and the court which makes an EPO assume a heavy
burden of responsibility. It is important that both the local authority and the court
approach every application for an EPO with an anxious awareness of the extreme gravity the
relief being sought and a scrupulous regard for the European Convention rights of both the
child and the parents;
242 </li>
243 <li>
243 Any order must provide for the least interventionist solution consistent with the
preservation of the child's immediate safety;
243 </li>
244 <li>
244 If the real purpose of the local authority's application is to enable it to have the child
assessed, then consideration should be given to whether that objective cannot equally
effectively, and more proportionately, be achieved by an application for, or by the making
of, a child assessment order under section 43 of the Children Act 1989;
244 </li>
245 <li>
245 No EPO should be made for any longer than is absolutely necessary to protect the child.
Where the EPO is made on an ex parte (without notice) application, very careful
consideration should be given to the need to ensure that the initial order is made for the
shortest possible period commensurate with the preservation of the child's immediate
safety;
245 </li>
246 <li>
246 The evidence in support of the application for an EPO must be full, detailed and
compelling. Unparticularised generalities will not suffice. The sources of hearsay
evidence must be identified. Expressions of opinion must be supported by detailed evidence
and properly articulated reasoning;
246 </li>
247 <li>
247 Save in wholly exceptional cases, parents must be given adequate prior notice of the date,
time and place of any application by a local authority for an EPO. They must also be given
proper notice of the evidence the local authority is relying upon;
247 </li>
248 <li>
248 Where the application for an EPO is made ex parte, the local authority must make out a
compelling case for applying without first giving the parents notice. An ex parte
application will normally be appropriate only if the case is genuinely one of emergency or
other great urgency - and even then, it should normally be possible to give some kind of
albeit informal notice to the parents - or if there are compelling reasons to believe that
the child's welfare will be compromised if the parents are alerted in advance to what is
going on;
248 </li>
249 <li>
249 The evidential burden on the local authority is even heavier if the application is made ex
parte. Those who seek relief ex parte are under a duty to make the fullest and most candid
and frank disclosure of all the relevant circumstances known to them. This duty is not
confined to the material facts; it extends to all relevant matters, whether of fact or
law;
249 </li>
250 <li>
250 Section 45(7)(b) of the Children Act 1989 permits the court to hear oral evidence. But it
is important that those who are not present should nonetheless be able to know what oral
evidence and other materials have been put before the court. The court must keep a note of
the substance of the oral evidence and must record in writing not merely its reasons but
also any findings of fact;
250 </li>
251 <li>
251 The local authority should immediately on request inform the parents of exactly what has
gone on in their absence. Parents against whom an EPO is made ex parte are entitled to be
given, if they ask, proper information as to what happened at the hearing and to be told,
if they ask: (i) exactly what documents, bundles or other evidential materials were lodged
with the court either before or during the course of the hearing; and (ii) what legal
authorities were cited to the court. The local authority's legal representatives should
respond forthwith to any reasonable request from the parents or their legal
representatives either for copies of the materials read by the court or for information
about what took place at the hearing. It will, therefore, be prudent for those acting for
the local authority in such a case to keep a proper note of the proceedings, lest they
otherwise find themselves embarrassed by a proper request for information which they are
unable to provide;
251 </li>
252 <li>
252 Section 44(5)(b) of the Children Act 1989 provides that the local authority may exercise
its parental responsibility only in such manner 'as is reasonably required to safeguard or
promote the welfare of the child'. Section 44(5)(a) provides that the local authority
shall exercise its power of removal under Section 44(4)(b)(i) 'only...in order to
safeguard the welfare of the child.' The local authority must apply its mind very
carefully to whether removal is essential in order to secure the child's immediate safety.
The mere fact that the local authority has obtained an EPO is not in itself enough. The
court decides whether to make an EPO. But the local authority decides whether to remove.
The local authority, even after it has obtained an EPO, is under an obligation to consider
less drastic alternatives to emergency removal. Section 44(5) requires a process within
the local authority whereby there is a further consideration of the action to be taken
after the EPO has been obtained. Though no procedure is specified, it will obviously be
prudent for local authorities to have in place procedures to ensure both that the required
decision making actually takes place and that it is appropriately documented;
252 </li>
253 <li>
253 Consistently with the local authority's positive obligation under Article 8 to take
appropriate action to reunite parent and child, section 44(10)(a) and 44(11)(a) impose on
the local authority a mandatory obligation to return a child who it has removed under
section 44(4)(b)(i) to the parent from whom the child was removed if 'it appears to the
local authority that it is safe for the child to be returned'. This imposes on the local
authority a continuing duty to keep the case under review day by day so as to ensure that
parent and child are separated for no longer than it is necessary to secure the child's
safety. In this, as in other respects, the local authority is under a duty to exercise
exceptional diligence;
253 </li>
254 <li>
254 Section 44(13) of the Children Act 1989 requires the local authority, subject only to any
directions given by the court under section 44(6), to allow a child who is subject to an
EPO 'reasonable contact' with his parents. Arrangements for contact must be driven by the
needs of the family, not stunted by lack of resources.
254 </li>
255 </ol>
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302 <a id="scrollup">
302 <i class="up">
302 </i>
302 </a>
303 <div id="background">
304 <p id="bg_text">
304 Trix procedures
304 </p>
305 <p id="bg_text_msg">
305 Only valid for 48hrs
305 </p>
306 </div>
311 <script type="text/javascript">
319 </script>
322 </body>
323 </html>