Safeguarding Children and Young People from Sexual Exploitation
REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS
The Fostering Services (England) Regulations 2011:
Regulation 11 - Independent fostering agencies—duty to secure welfare
Regulation 12 - Arrangements for the protection of children
Fostering Services: National Minimum Standards
STANDARD 4 - Safeguarding Children
STANDARD 29 - Notifications of Significant Events
SCOPE OF THIS CHAPTER
This chapter is relevant to all Community Foster Care and Community Family Care services.
RELATED INFORMATION AND GUIDANCE
Department for Education
- What to do if You're Worried a Child is being Abused: Advice for Practitioners, DfE;
- Child Sexual Exploitation: Definition and Guide for Practitioners (DfE February 2017);
- Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre (CEOP).
- Sex and Relationship Education Guidance, DfE 0116/200 (statutory guidance for schools).
AMENDMENT
In November 2021 this chapter was updated throughout.
Contents
- Introduction - What is Child Sexual Exploitation?
- Signs of Sexual Exploitation and Sharing Concerns
- Referring Cases of Concern
- How Carers and Staff can Support Children
- Children and Young People who go Missing
1. Introduction - What is Child Sexual Exploitation?
Child sexual exploitation (CSE) is a form of child sexual abuse. It can take many different forms. It can include contact or non contact activities and can take place online or in person, or a combination of each. Any child or young person can be sexually exploited, regardless of their background; both boys and girls can be abused in this way.
Sexual exploitation is defined by the Department for Education as follows:
Child sexual exploitation is a form of child sexual abuse. It occurs where an individual or group takes advantage of an imbalance of power to coerce, manipulate or deceive a child or young person under the age of 18 into sexual activity (a) in exchange for something the victim needs or wants, and/or (b) for the financial advantage or increased status of the perpetrator or facilitator. The victim may have been sexually exploited even if the sexual activity appears consensual. Child sexual exploitation does not always involve physical contact; it can also occur through the use of technology. (Working Together to Safeguard Children).
Often children and young people are groomed into sexually exploitative relationships and may initially think that their abuser is their 'boyfriend' or 'girlfriend'. Some young people are engaged in informal economies that incorporate the exchange of sex for rewards such as drugs, alcohol, money or gifts. Some young people have been bullied and threatened into sexual activities by peers or gangs which is then used against them as a form of extortion and to keep them compliant.
Child sexual exploitation is NEVER the child's fault - even if there is some sort of exchange - all children and young people under the age of 18 have a right to be safe and protected from harm.
2. Signs of Sexual Exploitation and Sharing Concerns
We are in a good position to notice the changes in behaviour and physical signs which can indicate involvement in sexual exploitation. To keep children and young people safe, and prevent serious harm it is important to try and identify children at risk of harm from sexual exploitation at the earliest opportunity.
Previous relational traumas, often experienced by Looked After Children can be more vulnerable to exploitation, as are those with special needs and migrant or unaccompanied asylum-seeking children.
It can be difficult for children to tell people, including their parents and carers that they are being sexually exploited; initially they may not recognise that they are being abused. Once they are being sexually exploited, threats from their abusers or feeling that may be in some way to blame for their own abuse can make it difficult for young people to ask for help.
The key signs that a child or young person is being sexually exploited are:
- Unexplained money or gifts;
- Going missing (for short and long periods), or during the course of the school day;
- Being distressed or withdrawn on their return home;
- Secrecy around new friends;
- Having additional mobile phones, or worrying use of the internet;
- Sexual health problems, including pregnancy;
- Changes in behaviour / emotional wellbeing;
- Drug or alcohol misuse;
- Secretive behaviour;
- Involvement in criminal activity;
- Unexplained physical injuries.
Foster carers and staff should record details of any concerns they have as this can help identify patterns of behaviour, including potential perpetrators and other child who may be at risk.
3. Referring Cases of Concern
The Policy now details the procedure for a child living in a fostering household (either a foster of birth child) and then separately for those not living in a CFC Foster household, those usually accessing Community Foster Care's other non fostering services, but this may be a child not accessing services as well.
For a child living in a fostering household (either a foster of birth child)
Where a foster carer or member of staff is concerned that a child or young person is involved in, or at risk of, sexual exploitation, they should discuss their concerns with their Supervising Social Worker and the child's social worker or contact out of hours support. If it is decided that action needs to be taken to protect the child, Multi-Agency Safeguarding Children Procedures should be triggered. This may include contacting the local Police regarding possible criminal offences.
The Registered Manager should be made aware, so that action can be taken to safeguard the child. Sexual exploitation of a child who is in foster care is considered a 'significant event' and must be reported to Ofsted by the Fostering Service.
For Children not living in CFC fostering households
Where a member of staff is concerned that a child or young person is involved in, or at risk of, sexual exploitation, they should discuss their concerns with their line manager. The designated safeguarding manager should be informed. If it is decided that action needs to be taken to protect the child, Multi-Agency Safeguarding Children Procedures should be triggered. This may include contacting the local Police regarding possible criminal offences.
All Children
The Designated Safeguarding Manager or Registered Manager should consider the relevant Local Safeguarding Children's Board procedures to ensure appropriate action is taken. For instance is it necessary for a CSE risk assessment to be completed and shared with the Local Authority.
See also: Safeguarding Children and Young People Procedure, Reporting Suspicions or Allegations.
In all case the designated safeguarding manager / Registered Manager should monitor the situation. Should Community Foster Care feel that appropriate action is not being taken then the matter must be promptly followed up and where necessary Local Safeguarding Children's Board escalation procedures used to escalate the matter further.
In the case of suspected Child Sexual Exploitation, Ofsted, the Placing Authority and Police must be informed.
Remember if there are any concerns that a child is in immediate danger, always ring 999.
4. How Carers and Staff can Support Children
If concerns about child sexual exploitation were identified before the child is placed with foster carers, their Placement Plan should contain details of the day to day arrangements which have been agreed between the foster carers / the agency and the placing authority / fostering service to keep the child safe.
Strategies for supporting children:
- Building positive relationships with children is vital to identifying sexual exploitation and supporting children through their experiences:
- Foster carers and staff should be supportive, non judgemental and ready to listen to children when and if they need to talk;
- Carers and staff should look beyond challenging behaviour; if children are aggressive, secretive or going missing ask what might be going on in their lives?
- Share information - When children who are known to be at risk of sexual exploitation go missing, this should be reported promptly to the police and the child's social worker so they can take action to locate them and return them to safety;
- Whenever children who have been missing return to their home they should be made welcome and offered care and support;
- Building good links with the child's education providers will help to ensure that carers and staff are notified promptly if a child does not arrive at their education establishment so protective can be taken.
Caring for a child who is being sexually exploited can be a stressful and upsetting experience, and carers should be supported in this role by the agency.
For some children, a move to a different foster home may need to be considered. This should be discussed with the child, their parents / carers, the child's allocated social worker, the foster carers, the supervising social worker and the Independent Reviewing Officer.
For children who are leaving care, the Personal Adviser should be made aware of the concerns so that they can continue to offer support when the young person moves to independent or semi independent accommodation.
5. Children and Young People who go Missing
A significant number of children and young people who are being sexually exploited may go missing from their foster home or school / education provider. Some go missing frequently; and the more often they go missing the more vulnerable they are to being sexually exploited. If a child goes missing, the Missing Children Procedure should be followed.