Restrictive Physical Intervention and Restraint

1. Introduction

For a small minority of children/young people or at certain times in a child or young person's life, physical intervention or restraint may be needed. However, physical restraint should be avoided as far as possible and should only be used if there are good reasons for believing that immediate action is necessary to prevent a child or young person causing significant injury to themselves or to others, or causing severe damage to property. Other techniques should be used before physical constraint is considered.

The need for physical restraint may arise when a child is engaged in violence towards themselves and/or others, damage to property and if the child's behaviour is out of control and none of the other strategies are working.

It is important to be aware that use of restraint can pose risks to the safety of the child, to the safety of the carer applying it, and potentially to others who are present.

See also: Positive Relationships and Behaviour Management Procedure.

2. Planning for Children

As part of the assessment and planning process for all children, consideration must be given to whether Physical Intervention may be necessary in managing behaviour.

If Physical Intervention may be necessary, the circumstances that give rise to it and the strategies for managing it should be outlined in the child's placement information record.

This plan should outline the circumstances that may give rise to the use of Physical Intervention, the methods which are known or likely to be effective and other arrangements for its use. 

It is also important to determine whether there are any medical conditions which might place the child at risk should the techniques or methods of physical intervention be used. If so, this must be drawn to the attention of those working with or looking after the child and it must be stated in the child's Placement Information Record. If in doubt, medical advice must be sought.

Those techniques that are used must comply with the principles and procedures set out in this chapter - see Section 3, Who may use Physical Interventions?

The absence or existence of such a plan does not prevent staff/carers from acting as they see fit when confronted with unforeseen events likely to result in injury or damage to property, so long as the actions taken are consistent with the principles and procedures contained in this chapter and are proportionate with regard to the level of intervention needed to prevent likely injury or damage.

3. Definition of Physical Intervention

There are four broad categories of Physical Intervention:

3.1 Restraint

Defined as the positive application of force with the intention of overpowering a child. Practically, this means any measure or technique designed to completely restrict a child's mobility or prevent a child from leaving, for example:

• Any technique which involves a child being held on the floor ('Prone Facedown' techniques may not be used in any circumstances);
• Any technique involving the child being held by two or more people;
• Any technique involving a child being held by one person if the balance of power is so great that the child is effectively overpowered; e.g. where a child under the age of ten is held firmly by an adult;
• The locking or bolting of a door or window to contain or prevent a child from leaving.

The significant distinction between this first category of restraint and the others (Holding, Touch and Presence), is that Restraint is defined as the positive application of force with the intention of overpowering a child. The intention is to overpower the child, completely restricting the child's mobility. The other categories provide the child with varying degrees of freedom and mobility.

Restraint should always be a last resort and if used minimum force should be used and it should only be used for a brief time period. It should be proportionate and the least restrictive to the child.

3.2 Holding

This includes any measure or technique which involves the child being held firmly by one person, so long as the child retains a degree of mobility and can leave if determined enough. 

3.3 Positive Touching

This includes minimum contact to lead, guide, usher or block a child's path; and is applied in a manner which permits the child a great degree of freedom and mobility. E.g., Gently holding a child's elbow to guide them towards a door whilst the child is still able to walk at his or her own speed and can easily disengage from the person holding his or her elbow.

3.4 Presence

A form of control using no contact, such as standing in front of a child or obstructing a doorway to negotiate with a child; but allowing the child the freedom to leave if they wish. 

Restraint also includes restricting the child's liberty of movement. Restriction on liberty of movement can involve adaptations to the environment such as using high door handles or removing physical aids. Restricting liberty also refers to behaviour support strategies such a requiring a child to take 'time out' in a specific area of the home; asking a child to spend time away from the group to regain control of their behaviour; (e.g., if a child is struggling to maintain socially acceptable level of behaviour at the meal table). Asking a child to move away from the group to another area can also be defined as restricting their liberty of movement.

Where there is no need to use restrictive physical intervention (i.e., the child goes willingly once instructed to do so) a record of the incident must still be recorded (see recording and reporting). This is to ensure the intervention can be monitored and to ensure that children are not scapegoated or unduly isolated from the group.

Where the likely application of this strategy is a reasonable assumption due to a child's previous behaviour or level of emotional needs, this should be included in the ECH plan/Care plan. This should be monitored as part of the normal review process. This strategy should be clearly recorded on the child's Individual Behaviour Support Plan and should be recorded on the child's home record each occasion that the strategy is used. In this instance however, there is no requirement to complete an incident report, unless the behaviour displayed is new, unusual or falls under any other category of incident.

4. Who may use Physical Interventions?

Foster carers and residential staff will receive appropriate training in safe use of restraint, including training on the applicable legislative framework. Any use of restraint must be consistent with this training, these procedures and must always be focussed on the need to protect the child and those around them.

In these circumstances, staff must always act in a manner consistent with the values and principles set out in this manual. Any intervention used must:

1. Not impede the process of breathing;
2. Not be used in a way which may be interpreted as sexual;
3. Not intentionally inflict pain or injury or threaten to do so;
4. Avoid vulnerable parts of the body, e.g., the neck, chest and sexual areas;
5. Avoid extending the joints beyond the normal limits or range of motion (hyperextension or hyperflexion), and pressure on or across the joints;
6. Not employ potentially dangerous positions.

5. Criteria for Using Physical Interventions

There are different criteria for the use of Restraint and Holding, Touching and Physical Presence/proximity.

1. Restraint may only be used where there is significant injury or severe damage to property;
2. Holding, Positive Touching or Presence are less forceful and less restrictive and may be used to protect children or others from injury which is less than significant or to prevent damage to property which is less than serious;
3. Before any other form of Physical Intervention is used, all the following principles must be applied:
   1. For the intervention to be justified there must be a belief that injury or damage is likely in the predictable future;
   2. The intervention must be immediately necessary;
   3. The actions or interventions taken must be a last resort;
   4. Any force or intervention used must be the minimum necessary to achieve the objective.

A child/young person can be prevented from leaving the home if it is felt they are at severe risk of significant harm in one or more of the following circumstances:

• Sexual Exploitation;
• Gang Related Activities/Criminal Exploitation;
• Use of drugs or other illicit substances;
• Threatening or likely to deliberately self-harm.

This restriction of a young person's liberty should be for the minimum amount of time possible and in response to immediate danger. Staff will need to ensure that in the recording of this incident they clearly outline all the steps taken to prevent the need to restrict the child's liberty using physical means.

If a young person continually requires this level of intervention to help them to remain safe, there must be unmistakable evidence of a planning meeting held with the placing authority to consider the appropriateness of the placement.

It may be recognised that on occasions children go through a period of evaluating the boundaries. Where this is the case, an agreement should be reached with the placing authority on strategies to be employed and these should be reviewed and all implementations of the strategies agreed should be clearly documented. Strategies used should not contravene the Deprivation of Liberties Safeguarding Regulations.

6. Locking or Bolting of Doors

It is acceptable to use mechanisms or modifications to a children's home or foster home which are necessary for security, for example on external exits or windows, so long as this does not restrict children's mobility or ability to leave the premises if it is safe for them to do so. 

It is also acceptable to lock office or storage areas to which children are not normally expected to gain access.

If such mechanisms are used, they must be outlined as follows:

In children's homes, if any such mechanisms or modifications are used, they must be set out in the home's Statement of Purpose and the arrangements for their use set out in the home's Staff Handbook.

In foster homes, if any such mechanisms or modifications are used, they must be agreed by the manager of the fostering service and set out in the Foster Care Agreement.

Locking of external doors, or doors to hazardous materials, may be acceptable as a security precaution if applied within the normal routine of the home.

7. Timeout and Withdrawal

Where the following measures are used in children's homes or foster homes, they must be approved and set out in writing.

• In children's homes, they must be set out in the home's Statement of Purpose or and, where Time-Out and Withdrawal strategies are applied, must be set out in children's individual Behaviour Management Plans (as part of the Placement Information Record);
• In foster homes, they must be set out in the Foster Care Agreement or in the Behaviour Management Plans (as part of the Placement Information Record) for an individual child.

Time out involves restricting the child's access to all reinforcements as part of a behavioural programme.

Withdrawal involves removing a child from a situation, which places the child or another person at risk of injury or to prevent damage to property, to a location where s/he can be continuously observed or supervised until ready to resume usual activities.

8. Children and Young People with Extra Support Needs

Any types of restraints or physical interventions which are in place to keep a child safe due to their behaviours and which restrict a child's liberty should be recorded on the child's placement plan and Educational Health Care Plan. For example, wheelchair restraints to stop a child running off when they have no or little road safety sense.

For a young person who is over the age of sixteen who has care and support needs, any restrictions or agreed interventions will need to be recorded and a Mental Capacity Act assessment/Best Interest decision will need to be completed.

9. Medical Examination

In children's homes where Physical Intervention has been used, the child, staff/carers and others involved must be given the opportunity to see a medical practitioner, even if there are no apparent injuries.

In other settings, where physical intervention is used, the child, staff/carers and others involved should be given the opportunity to see a medical practitioner if there are any apparent or reported injuries.

The medical practitioner, if seen, must be informed that any injuries may have been caused from an incident involving physical intervention.

Whether or not the child or others agree or choose to see a medical practitioner must be recorded, together with the outcome.

10. After Applying Restraint

All incidents of restraint will be reviewed, recorded and monitored. The child's social worker should also be informed.

An incident report detailing the circumstances around the incident is a valuable tool in understanding what has happened and why. The report should include what has happened, who was present, any triggers before hand, if any injuries occurred and what happened after the intervention. The views of the child must be sought, dependent on their age and understanding, and used in the process of reflecting, understanding, and informing future practice.

The carer and the child should be supported after an incident has occurred.

Decisions will then be made about how any further situations need to be managed and risk-assessed.

If the police are involved, the Regulatory Authority must also be notified by the Agency. See Notifications of Significant Event Procedure.

Further Information

Legislation, Statutory Guidance and Government Non-Statutory Guidance

Guidance: Positive Environments Where Children Can Flourish (Ofsted)